<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867</id><updated>2012-01-30T22:41:10.445+07:00</updated><category term='GSM Specifications'/><category term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category term='CDMA'/><category term='Frekuensi Hopping GSM'/><category term='Protocol'/><category term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><category term='QoS'/><category term='RNP'/><category term='3G Tuning'/><category term='GSM overview'/><category term='Drive Test basic'/><category term='Tems'/><category term='Tems setting'/><category term='WIMAX'/><category term='Drive Test'/><category term='DT 2G'/><category term='Interview Preparation'/><category term='3G Frequency'/><category term='Lowongan Kerja'/><category term='GPRS'/><category term='KPI and Optim'/><category term='Call Setup'/><category term='RNP Makro'/><category term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>DUNIA TELEKOMUNIKASI</title><subtitle type='html'>Blog biasa sehari-hari seputar dunia telekomunikasi bertemakan GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, Drive test, Radio Network Planning, dan lainnya. Met Membaca :)</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>74</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-1860026196533674103</id><published>2012-01-11T12:08:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-01-11T12:08:41.216+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Tuning'/><title type='text'>RN Admission Control Parameter</title><content type='html'>Walau belum dapet kesempatan ngoptim 3G, ga ada salahnya gw pelajari parameter-parameternya. Berikut yang ingin gw pelajari hari ini :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="CHAPNUMBER"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="CHAPTITLE"&gt;&lt;a href="" name="id_0g9k"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="CHAPLINK" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=2570044579595857867#TOP" name="CHAPTER5.1.2"&gt;RN Admission Control&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;table class="DEFLIST"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="" name="SearchMatch5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;aseDlAdm&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Air interface Speech Equivalent | Average Speech Equivalent"&gt;ASE&lt;/a&gt;s in  the downlink. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;aseUlAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Air interface Speech Equivalent | Average Speech Equivalent"&gt;ASE&lt;/a&gt;s in  the uplink. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;compModeAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for the number of radio links in compressed mode in a cell.  &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;dlCodeAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for downlink code usage. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;pwrAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for downlink power utilization. It is relative to the min( &lt;tt class="file-path"&gt;maximumTransmissionPower&lt;/tt&gt;, &lt;tt class="file-path"&gt;maxDlPowerCapability&lt;/tt&gt;), it is expressed as a percentage and  that is a percentage of min.( &lt;tt class="file-path"&gt;maximumTransmissionPower&lt;/tt&gt;,  &lt;tt class="file-path"&gt;maxDlPowerCapability&lt;/tt&gt;). &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;hsdpaUsersAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the admission  limit for the number of users assigned to the &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed Downlink Shared Channel"&gt;HS-DSCH&lt;/a&gt;. Applicable to admission  requests related to &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Radio Access Bearer"&gt;RAB&lt;/a&gt;  setup of an &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access"&gt;HSDPA&lt;/a&gt; service. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;eulServingCellUsersAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the admission  limit for the number of &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Enhanced Uplink"&gt;EUL&lt;/a&gt;  users having the cell as serving cell. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;eulNonServingCellUsersAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the admission  limit for the number of &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Enhanced Uplink"&gt;EUL&lt;/a&gt;  users having the cell as non-serving cell. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;eulServingCellUsersAdmTti2 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the admission  threshold for the number of 2 &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Millisecond"&gt;ms&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Trace Tail Identifier | Trail Trace Identifier | Transmission Time Interval"&gt;TTI&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Enhanced Dedicated Channel"&gt;E-DCH&lt;/a&gt; users  having this cell as serving cell. Applicable at serving cell change, at &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Radio Access Bearer"&gt;RAB&lt;/a&gt; establishment and at  re-configuration to &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Enhanced Uplink"&gt;EUL&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sf8Adm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for the number of radio links with spreading factor = 8 in  downlink. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sf16Adm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for the number of radio links with spreading factor = 16 in  downlink for which new non-guaranteed admission requests will continue to be  allowed. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sf32Adm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for the number of radio links with spreading factor = 32 in  downlink. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sf16gAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the maximum  number of radio links with spreading factor = 16 in downlink for which new  guaranteed admission requests will continue to be allowed. Reaching or exceeding  this number of radio links (any service class) using downlink spreading factor =  16 will block setup/adding any more guaranteed service class radio links  requiring additional downlink spreading factor = 16 in this cell. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sf4AdmUl &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for the number of radio links with spreading factor = 4 in  uplink (radio connection type PS384/HS). &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sf8AdmUl &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for the number of radio links with spreading factor = 8 in  uplink. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sf16AdmUl &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for the number of radio links with spreading factor = 16 in  uplink. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sf8gAdmUl &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the absolute  admission limit for the number of radio links with spreading factor = 8 in  uplink. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;dlHwAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Parameter that defines the admission limit  for the downlink hardware usage in the cell group. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ulHwAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Parameter that defines the admission limit  for the uplink hardware usage in the cell group. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;maxNumHsdpaUsers &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Parameter that limits the maximum allowed  number of simultaneous &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access"&gt;HSDPA&lt;/a&gt; users per cell that can be  served. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;maxNumADchReservation &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;The maximum number of A-DCH resources that  may be configured in a baseband pool. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ulLicFractBbPool2 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Parameter that defines the &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Uplink"&gt;UL&lt;/a&gt; capacity of the second Base Band Pool  in percentage of licensed &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Uplink"&gt;UL&lt;/a&gt; capacity.  &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;dlLicFractBbPool2 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Parameter that defines the &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Downlink"&gt;DL&lt;/a&gt; capacity of the second Base Band Pool  in percentage of licensed &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Downlink"&gt;DL&lt;/a&gt; capacity  &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;plSessionsMax &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Parameter that defines the maximum number  of ongoing &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service"&gt;MBMS&lt;/a&gt; sessions in one  Preferred Layer cell. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr height="6"&gt; &lt;td colspan="3"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt; &lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;nonPlSessionsMax &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Parameter that defines the maximum number  of ongoing &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service"&gt;MBMS&lt;/a&gt; sessions in one  non-Preferred Layer cell. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-1860026196533674103?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/1860026196533674103/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=1860026196533674103&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1860026196533674103'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1860026196533674103'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2012/01/rn-admission-control-parameter.html' title='RN Admission Control Parameter'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7467188997144538571</id><published>2012-01-08T11:46:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2012-01-08T11:46:57.606+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>Telecom Trends 2012</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;The 10 hottest consumer trends:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Connectivity is king&lt;/b&gt;. Connectivity has become as essential as the air  we breathe. Once they have been connected, consumers say the internet is  one of the last things they would be willing to give up if they had to  reduce their expenses. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;penting dong, jangan suka lemot :D &lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt; Everyone can be a service provider.&lt;/b&gt; There is a huge demand for new  services. The internet makes it possible for both companies and  consumers to invent new solutions, such as apps. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;sudah banyak aplikasi yg diciptakan oleh pemuda Indonesia, great&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Social media redefine news reporting&lt;/b&gt;. Social media drive consumption of  pictures, video clips and music, and now they also help consumers judge  the relevance of news by providing necessary social commentary. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;hmm semoga facebook masih banyak yg lihat ya&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Mobile phones play a significant role in everyday life.&lt;/b&gt; Consumers show  most interest in mobile services that are directly related to nearby  places or local services. While 90 percent of all smartphone owners  always carry their phones with them, only 80 percent of them mention  carrying money. &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;(tetep aja kalo soal jual beli mesti siapin cash,tapi mobile phone memang mempermudah&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;  Transparency greater than privacy.&lt;/b&gt; People are getting used to living  transparent lives and they also expect companies and other organizations  to act transparently. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;kalo company sih memang harus transparant baiknya dari dulu, tapi kalo kita? tetap butuh yg namanya privacy&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;  The cloud makes things easy to use&lt;/b&gt;. Shring information and having  several devices connected at all times is becoming the norm for  consumers, resulting in the introduction of more cloud-based services.  The main driver is ease of use. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;yup cloud computing!&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  Women drive adoption of smartphones&lt;/b&gt;. Our 2011 study of smartphone users  showed that men still dominate usage of niche services on smartphones  while significantly more women use regular services such as voice  calling, SMS and Facebook. By actively integrating the use of all  communications channels into one device, women are driving mass-market  adoption of smartphones. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;hmm wanita suka belanja,hihi&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;8.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Making shopping easier.&lt;/b&gt; Our survey showed that 67 percent of smartphone  users are interested in mobile payments. Payments should not be seen in  isolation but must be put into a context of everyday shopping "“ for  example, product information, bonus points, receipts and even  indoor-shopping-mall navigation. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;buat yg suka belanja semakin dipermudah, tapi tetep keamanan harus diperhatikan&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;  Everything connects&lt;/b&gt;. Mobile data surpassed voice in the fourth quarter  of 2009 and doubled voice in the first quarter of 2011. Consumers are  increasingly connecting to the internet and to things around them, such  as cars, vending machines, ticket gates and more. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;seperti yg diramalkan, teknologi akan berhubungan dengan device" lainnya&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;  &lt;b&gt;Uncertain times "consumers strive for control&lt;/b&gt;". In times of economic  instability or when disasters such as earthquakes occur, we see renewed  interest among consumers in services related to utilities such as water  and electricity. Likewise, a change in disposable income is driving  demand for consumers to be in control of service consumption. (&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;pengendalian konsumsi seperti listrik dan air semakin diperhatikan&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;terlebih saat terjadi bencana/ketidakstabilan ekonomi&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7467188997144538571?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7467188997144538571/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7467188997144538571&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7467188997144538571'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7467188997144538571'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2012/01/telecom-trends-2012.html' title='Telecom Trends 2012'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4139657080037661428</id><published>2011-12-02T17:15:00.005+07:00</published><updated>2011-12-23T15:15:12.326+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP Makro'/><title type='text'>Mengintip Bahasa Makro Excel</title><content type='html'>Kali ini dapet sedikit sentilan makro dari seorang temen, melihat dia bisa membuat tools untuk pekerjaannya, saya jadi tertarik juga untuk sedikit mengintip makro excel tsb. Tujuannya ya jelas agar bisa mempermudah dan mempercepat suatu pekerjaan yang diulang-ulang saban hari.&lt;br /&gt;Banyak sekali syntax di makro VBA yah, oleh karena itu saya hanya ingin mengambil sesuai kebutuhan saja. Langsung saja saya catat syntax" dasar di VBA :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;memindahkan kursor ke cell tertentu misal ke C1&lt;/span&gt; : &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Range("C1").Select&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;mengetik suatu kata di cell yang aktif&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;misal deg long&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = "Deg long"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;mengcopy range tertentu misal dari range A2 sampai A15 :&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Range("A2:A15").Select&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Selection.Copy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;paste hasil copy ke cell tertentu misal ke E1 :&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Range("E1").Select&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ActiveSheet.Paste&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;menghilangkan bekas copy :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt; Application.CutCopyMode = False&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;memberikan formula :&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;ActiveCell.FormulaR1C1 = "=RC[-6]+(RC[-5]/60)+(RC[-4]/3600)"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;keterangan di atas adalah formula (6 cell di sebelah kiri cell aktif )+ (5 cell di sebelah kiri cell aktif dibagi 60) + (4 cell di sebelah kiri cell aktif dibagi 3600)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;, cell aktif maksudnya adalah kursor terakhir di mana cell dipilih sedang berada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;meneruskan formula ke bawah dengan cell tertentu misal I2 sampai J15 :&lt;/span&gt; Selection.AutoFill Destination:=Range("I2:J15")&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;menghapus isi cell yang di select :&lt;/span&gt; Selection.ClearContents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;memberikan tampilan informasi contoh :&lt;/span&gt; MsgBox "sudah selesai :)"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;menambah tulisan di cell A1 :&lt;/span&gt; Cells(1, 1) = "Cell"&amp;nbsp; , &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;di B1 :&lt;/span&gt; Cells(1, 2) = "NCell_1" &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;, di C1 :&lt;/span&gt; Cells(1, 3) = "NCell_2" , &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;dst *&lt;i&gt;1,1 artinya baris 1 kolom 1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;menampilkan pilihan yes no : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Msg = "Sudah Update GCELL?"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Style = vbYesNo + vbQuestion + vbDefaultButton2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; response = MsgBox(Msg, Style)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;If&lt;/span&gt; response = vbYes &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; MsgBox ("type whatever you want")&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Else&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sheets("active gcell").Select&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; End&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Msgbox digunakan untuk menampilkan pesan saja tanpa ada proses setelahnya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;membuka browser untuk memasukkan file yang kita inginkan dan menampilkannya :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt; openfile = Application.GetOpenFilename(FileFilter:="Excel files (*.xls),*.txt", Title:="Select the files to import :")&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; If openfile = False Then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;' They pressed Cancel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;MsgBox "hellooo? you did not select a file"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Exit Sub&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Else&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Workbooks.Open Filename:=openfile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="color: red;" /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;End If&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;....lanjut nanti saya mau pulang dulu :p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4139657080037661428?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4139657080037661428/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4139657080037661428&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4139657080037661428'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4139657080037661428'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/12/mengintip-bahasa-makro-excel.html' title='Mengintip Bahasa Makro Excel'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7304775512020108268</id><published>2011-11-23T16:16:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T16:27:47.277+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><title type='text'>Pintar Bernegosiasi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Nah, mungkin Anda selama ini sudah mencoba mencari bagaimana cara sukses  negosiasi dalam bisnis Anda dengan cara membeli semua produk/program  tentang bagaimana caranya  sukses bernegosiasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="left" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Sebagian dari Anda ada juga yang mencoba ilmu yang diajarkan di seminar oleh para guru di luar sana, namun &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span id="goog_729453617"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;hasilnya tidak  seperti yang diharapkan&lt;span id="goog_729453618"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; :(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;"Apakah Anda pernah mengalaminya?" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Jika Anda pernah mengalami masalah diatas, saya akan mencoba berbagi  sebuah pengalaman  tentang bagaimana cara saya bisa sukses negosiasi senilai $10,000 pada  saat negosiasi dengan klien dengan cara yang paling sederhana yang  &lt;/span&gt;bisa diikuti orang awam  sekalipun.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Silahkan lihat &lt;a href="http://pintarbernegosiasi.com/?a=a700076" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: blue;"&gt;di sini&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bukankah ini sangat menarik ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anda akan mendapatkan &lt;a href="http://pintarbernegosiasi.com/?a=a700076"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style="color: blue;"&gt;55 Teknik Negosiasi&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt; yang saya berikan secara eksklusif dari pakar profesional di bidang negosiasi. Dan di paket e-book Pembelajaran Rahasia dan Strategi  Sukses Negosiasi  Bisnis  ini memang dirancang untuk memberi Anda hasil yang cepat karena semua panduan  dalam bentuk e-book yang dilengkapi dengan data riset yang akurat, jadi Anda tinggal meniru dan itu semudah copy dan paste :)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Baik, ada beberapa orang yang sudah terlebih dahulu mempelajari e-book yang saya  jual di situs ini, kalau tidak percaya, coba deh baca saja  testimonial&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; yang saya dapatkan dari orang lain yang sudah terlebih dahulu belajar  melaui e-book pembelajaran yang sudah saya  buat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Anda bisa MENDOWNLOAD dan  Melihat e-book Pembelajaran di komputer Anda berulang-ulang hingga Anda  menjadi mahir untuk negosiasi , semua klien Anda akan mengucapkan iya  untuk semua yang Anda tawarkan karena saya akan membagikan lebih dari &lt;a href=""&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cc0000;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pintarbernegosiasi.com/?a=a700076"&gt;&lt;u&gt;55++ E-BOOK PEMBELAJARAN DILENGKAPI DENGAN RISET yang Sangat POWERFUL&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; yang mengungkap rahasia dan pengalaman saya meraup  banyak rupiah sebagai seorang negosiator  ulung :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" height="662" style="width: 599px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;         &lt;th class="style197" height="38" scope="row"&gt;&lt;img height="31" src="http://www.pintarbernegosiasi.com/img/bullet.jpg" width="35" /&gt;&lt;/th&gt;         &lt;td class="style216"&gt;Bagaimana caranya mengenal klien Anda, sehingga bisa membangun hubungan baik dengan klien Anda. &lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt; Hampir Semua yang Kita Tawarkan Akan Didengar&lt;/span&gt; hanya dengan membangun hubungan baik seperti yang diajarkan di dalam e-book ini.           Ini adalah strategi sederhana yang merupakan salah satu prestasi              saya dalam &lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt;membuat klien menjadi tidak keritis dengan produk saya &lt;/span&gt;dan hasilnya...YUPZ !!! produk saya langsung diterima tanpa banyak berfikir kritis. &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;         &lt;th class="style197" height="38" scope="row"&gt;&lt;img height="31" src="http://www.pintarbernegosiasi.com/img/bullet.jpg" width="35" /&gt;&lt;/th&gt;         &lt;td class="style216"&gt;Rahasia Sukses Menjadi Negosiator Handal yang akan saya bagikan            pengalaman mendapatkan project senilai $10,000 tiap bernegosiai dengan &lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt; memanfaatkan isi pembicaraan &lt;/span&gt;  sebagai media  membangun hubungan baik dan bahkan persahabatan jangka  panjang dengan ketertarikan pada apa yang penting bagi orang lain.  Secara tulus berbagai pengalaman dan hobi, gaya hidup, dan minat klien  disebut juga sebagai “menggunakan isi pembicaraan untuk membangun  hubungan baik”.            &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;         &lt;th class="style197" height="54" scope="row"&gt;&lt;img height="31" src="http://www.pintarbernegosiasi.com/img/bullet.jpg" width="35" /&gt;&lt;/th&gt;         &lt;td class="style216"&gt;Strategi Jitu dan Langkah Praktis Bagaimana            Anda bisa mahir negosiasi &lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt;Dalam Waktu Relatif Singkat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;         &lt;th class="style197" height="76" scope="row"&gt;&lt;img height="31" src="http://www.pintarbernegosiasi.com/img/bullet.jpg" width="35" /&gt;&lt;/th&gt;         &lt;td class="style216"&gt;Pelajari Formula Sukses Untuk Selalu sukses negosiasi APAPUN Bisnis Anda!           Ada lusinan teknik negosiasi, mana yang sesuai dengan situasi yang Anda alami?&lt;br /&gt;Di e-book ini &lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt;dibahas tuntas rahasianya&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;         &lt;th class="style197" height="38" scope="row"&gt;&lt;img height="31" src="http://www.pintarbernegosiasi.com/img/bullet.jpg" width="35" /&gt;&lt;/th&gt;         &lt;td class="style216"&gt;Bagaimana &lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt;Meningkatkan Keuntungan &lt;/span&gt;Untuk Mendapatkan Hasil Maksimal dalam mengembangkan Bisnis Anda dan berhubungan dengan klien-klien Anda. &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;         &lt;th class="style197" height="38" scope="row"&gt;&lt;img height="31" src="http://www.pintarbernegosiasi.com/img/bullet.jpg" width="35" /&gt;&lt;/th&gt;         &lt;td class="style216"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teknik Menentukan Sikap Pada Saat Negosiasi &lt;/span&gt;(Secara Psikologis) Untuk &lt;i&gt;Membantu Anda Sukses Dalam Bernegosisi Dengan Klien. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;         &lt;th class="style197" height="38" scope="row"&gt;&lt;img height="31" src="http://www.pintarbernegosiasi.com/img/bullet.jpg" width="35" /&gt;&lt;/th&gt;         &lt;td class="style216"&gt;Bagaimana Rahasia Seorang yang melakukan &lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt; Prospek Tanpa Disadari Klien &lt;/span&gt;  ,Sehingga SUKSES melakukan negosiasi tanpa membuat klien menjadi tidak  nyaman akan prospek Anda, dapatkan tips dan strategi yang menarik yang  bisa Anda            terapkan di e-book ini            &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;         &lt;th class="style197" height="38" scope="row"&gt;&lt;img height="31" src="http://www.pintarbernegosiasi.com/img/bullet.jpg" width="35" /&gt;&lt;/th&gt;         &lt;td class="style216"&gt;Rahasia Sukses Mengetahui Sekema Pemikiran klien Anda sehingga &lt;span style="color: #d70302;"&gt;Meningkatkan Konversi Keberhasilan Negosiasi &lt;/span&gt;yang Anda lakukan.           &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7304775512020108268?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7304775512020108268/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7304775512020108268&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7304775512020108268'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7304775512020108268'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/11/pintar-bernegosiasi.html' title='Pintar Bernegosiasi'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3210768407559047944</id><published>2011-11-18T20:50:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2011-11-18T22:37:03.602+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><title type='text'>1  keping emas = 200 jeti , antara atlit dan engineer</title><content type='html'>Saya agak iri (dalam artian positif) juga sebenarnya ketika melihat teman sesama pelatda pada saat saya masih aktif menjadi atlit, berhasil mendapatkan emas bersama pasangannya yang juga teman seperjuangan di pelatda dahulu. Mereka mengikuti nomor berpasangan dengan mempertunjukkan keindahan gerakan dari cabang olahraga yang baru dipertandingkan di sea games kali ini yakni kempo.&lt;br /&gt;Tidak lupa dalam ingatan saya pada tahun 2009 saya berhasil mendapatkan 2 medali emas pada nomor beregu putra dan campuran di kejuaraan nasional bersama mereka pula, namun sayangnya pada saat itu penghargaan yang diberikan sangatlah minim. Padahal kami berlatih dengan keras dan penuh perjuangan saat itu untuk membela nama DKI Jakarta :) tapi ya sudahlah semua sudah berlalu, kami hanya bisa berpikir positif dan mensyukuri apa yang telah didapat walaupun entah mungkin bonus kami sudah dipotong sana sini.&lt;br /&gt;Kemudian karena saya tidak menyukai kondisi ke depan dan menyadari umur sudah melebihi batas untuk mengikuti kejuaraan selevel PON serta berbagai alasan" lainnya, maka saya memutuskan keluar dari pelatda dan memberikan kesempatan kepada junior" dari wilayah asal sendiri (karena tiap wilayah mempunyai perwakilan untuk masuk menjadi tim pelatda DKI).&lt;br /&gt;Itulah sebab di awal mengapa saya iri melihat foto mereka berdiri di podium nomor 1, merasa termotivasi dan membayangkan apakah saya bisa mendapatkan kesempatan itu bila terus melanjutkan. Namun itu hanya sesaat :) kembali saya tersadar bahwa hidup ini bukanlah sekedar materi belaka, bukanlah sekedar penghargaan 1 medali 200 jt, namun lebih dari itu semuanya adalah proses seseorang meraih rezekinya di bidang masing-masing yang digeluti dan ditekuni. Membuat saya berpikir, jadi apapun kita dan apa jalan yg kita raih untuk memperoleh rizki dan rido-Nya asalkan itu halal tentu merupakan ibadah. Tidak usah kita iri dengan apa yang sudah diraih oleh orang lain, kitapun pasti bisa mendapatkan lebih dari itu. Ya!! saya bisa mendapatkan lebih dari sekeping emas dengan jalan lain walau saat ini masih berada di level engineer dan &lt;i&gt;netpreneur&lt;/i&gt; kecil-kecilan :D . Yup mari berpikir positif baik untuk jangka panjang, mungkin untuk saat sekarang ini kamu terlihat kalah oleh mereka, tetapi perlu diingat juga bahwa kamu bisa mendapatkan lebih dari keping-keping emas itu dan melebihi mereka di masa mendatang nanti . Cayyo!! ;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KG3kB8i_nXA/TsZqnxe8AYI/AAAAAAAAAKA/7IF5xBypQcg/s1600/5220_106953935325_547710325_2337013_4063408_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KG3kB8i_nXA/TsZqnxe8AYI/AAAAAAAAAKA/7IF5xBypQcg/s320/5220_106953935325_547710325_2337013_4063408_n.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;2009, My Gold Medal Memories&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3210768407559047944?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3210768407559047944/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3210768407559047944&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3210768407559047944'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3210768407559047944'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/11/1-keping-emas-200-jeti-antara-atlit-dan.html' title='1  keping emas = 200 jeti , antara atlit dan engineer'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KG3kB8i_nXA/TsZqnxe8AYI/AAAAAAAAAKA/7IF5xBypQcg/s72-c/5220_106953935325_547710325_2337013_4063408_n.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-1355039679130131805</id><published>2011-10-14T16:58:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-10-14T17:29:02.959+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Tuning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><title type='text'>HSDPA Inter Frequency Load Sharing</title><content type='html'>Haii bloggers, readers, engineer, masters ...&lt;br /&gt;kali ini saya coba buka topik tentang pembagian beban HSDPA , kali aja ada master yang muncul di sini coz saya juga baru mempelajarinya. Langsung saja disimak berikut ini :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fitur HSDPA Inter Frequency Load Sharing memungkinkan operator untuk mengkonfigurasi beban HSDPA dan membaginya antara beberapa coverage yang berhubungan dengan HSDPA capable carriers. Beban diukur berdasarkan jumlah HS users sembari memperhitungkan UE dan cell capability sehubungan dengan EUL, MIMO, dan multi carrier. Fitur ini bisa ditrigger ketika jaringan ingin tersambung / establish dari FACH atau DCH ke HSDPA.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ketika fitur ini ditrigger/aktif, maka ada 5 kandidat target sel yang akan dievaluasi termasuk source cell itu sendiri. Namun load sharing tidak berlaku pada DRNC cell (Drift Radio Network Controller) via Iur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perhatikan prinsip" berikut :&lt;br /&gt;- UEs dengan multicarrier capability dapat melakukan loadsharing antara sel sel lain yg juga mempunyai multicarrier.&lt;br /&gt;- UEs yang mempunyai MIMO capability dapat melakukan loadsharing antara MIMO capable cell&lt;br /&gt;- UEs dengan EUL capability dapat melakukan loadsharing antara EUL capable cell, dan&lt;br /&gt;- UEs yang hanya memiliki HSDPA capability dapat melakukan loadsharing antara semua HSDPA capable cell&lt;br /&gt;- Loadsharing berdasarkan perhitungan sisa free resources pada source cell, dan pada kandidat sel berdasarkan pada first bullet (apa yah yg dimaksud?)&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;- Jika UE dan current cell mempunyai capability berhubungan dengan HSDPA, EUL, MIMO atau MC (multicarrier) yang sama, maka loadsharing ditrigger oleh load threshold pada current cell. Jika current cell tidak mempunyai capability yang sama dan jika ada kandidat sel dengan capability yang lebih tinggi , maka loadsharing redirection sebaiknya selalu dilakukan terlepas dari beban source cell. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lalu kita masuk ke parameter salah satu vendor :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2570044579595857867" name="SearchMatch1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;hsIflsThreshUsers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"&gt;adalah parameter yang digunakan untuk men-trigger threshold jumlah user HSDPA untuk mengevaluasi loadsharing di suatu cell. Kemudian ada parameter &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;hsIflsMarginUsers &lt;span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"&gt;yang digunakan untuk menyeimbangkan (balance) beban (load) antar sel.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"&gt;Kandidat sel loadsharing HSDPA dikonfigurasi oleh pendefinisian coverage relation dan settingan hsloadsharing = On.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"&gt;Langkah 1 - Aktifasi Fitur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"&gt;HSDPA loadsharing dapat ditrigger ketika mulai koneksi ke HSDPA, contohnya ketika koneksi baru HSDPA dimulai dari idle atau FACH, atau ketika koneksi di-switch ke HSDPA dari FACH atau DCH (dedicated channel). Kemudian kondisi berikut inilah yang diperiksa :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;*&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="MEDEMPH"&gt; fitur HSDPA loadsharing tersedia (license is on) dan aktifasi di sel ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="MEDEMPH"&gt;hsIflsThreshUsers &lt;/span&gt;&amp;gt; 0&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"&gt;* merupakan SRNC cell (Serving Radio Network Controller)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;Langkah 2 - Sel kandidat dan Band filtering&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setidaknya harus ada 1 HSDPA loadsharing candidate cell yang didefine dari current cell. Sel-sel pada band frekuensi yang UE tidak support maka tidak bisa digunakan dan difilter. Jika tidak ada kandidat sel yang didefine atau semua dibuang oleh band filtering, maka HSDPA loadsharing dibatalkan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;Langkah 3 - Cek Pathloss&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jika HSDPA RAB setup dari SRB (signalling radio bearer) maka pathloss check harus berhasil/lulus sebelum blind IFHO ditrigger (blind IFHO ini HO antar frek tanpa pengukuran). Catat bahwa pathloss check tidak dilakukan sebelum upswitch dari FACH. Pathloss dikalkulasi sebagai power transmisi CPICH kurangi dgn nilai DL CPICH RSCP, batasnya ditentukan oleh parameter sel &lt;i&gt;pathloss threshold&lt;/i&gt;. Jika pathloss terlalu tinggi maka HSDPA loadsharing dibatalkan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;Langkah 4 - Evaluasi&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Langkah berikut menggambarkan evaluasi untuk memilih target cell berdasarkan capabilities dan beban (load) :&lt;br /&gt;* Sebuah UE yang MC capable sebaiknya hanya menggunakan MC capable cells sebagai kandidat sel. Jika UE dan kandidat sel mempunyai MC capability maka dilanjutkan step berikutnya....&lt;br /&gt;* UE yang MIMO capable pun juga sama seperti di atas....&lt;br /&gt;* UE yang EUL capable juga sama dengan yang di atas.....&lt;br /&gt;* UE yang&amp;nbsp; HSDPA capable juga sama dengan yang di atas....., bila sebaliknya maka dihentikan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Kondisi trigger di source cell didefinisikan sebagai : Jumlah user HS &amp;gt; hsIflsThreshUsers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk tiap kasus di atas (MC, MIMO, EUL, HSDPA), jika source cell UE tidak mempunyai capability yang sama, tetapi ada kandidat lain dengan capability yang sama, maka trigger di source cell tidak diaplikasikan, dan kondisi histerisis load antar sel tidak diaplikasikan, tetapi UE akan selalu setup di sel lain dengan capability yang lebih tinggi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Compute remaining resources rr (regarding number of &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2570044579595857867" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access"&gt;HSDPA&lt;/a&gt; users) in the source cell and in each candidate cell:&lt;br /&gt;rr = &lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;hsdpaUsersAdm &lt;/b&gt;- no_of_HS_users - &lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;hsIflsMarginUsers &lt;/b&gt;* &lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;hsdpaUsersAdm &lt;/b&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;Jangan lihat kandidat sel di mana rr &amp;lt;= 0, atau di mana&lt;br /&gt;no_of_HS_users &amp;gt;= &lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;hsdpaUsersAdm &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="MEDEMPH"&gt;atau di mana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;number of serving cell &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2570044579595857867" title="Enhanced Uplink"&gt;EUL&lt;/a&gt; users &amp;gt;= &lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;eulServingCellUsersAdm &lt;/b&gt;,&lt;br /&gt;atau &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2570044579595857867" title="High Speed"&gt;HS&lt;/a&gt; dalam keadaan congested state. &lt;br /&gt;Hysteresis condition: rr in candidate cell &amp;gt; (1 + &lt;b class="MEDEMPH"&gt;iflsHyst &lt;/b&gt;) * rr in source cell. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pilih sel yang mempunyai banyak sisa resources berdasarkan rumus di atas yang memenuhi kriteria. Lalu lanjutkan RAB setup / Reconfiguration ke HSDPA. Blin IFHO atau rekonfigurasi mungkin akan dilakukan dalam urutan jika target cell berbeda dengan source. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uiEZlIhEfPo/TpgHBarnJlI/AAAAAAAAAIc/7l5PL_Z0uDs/s1600/alex0235.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uiEZlIhEfPo/TpgHBarnJlI/AAAAAAAAAIc/7l5PL_Z0uDs/s640/alex0235.gif" width="540" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Gambar. HSDPA resource evaluation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebentar...nih ada definisi Parameternya (bhs inggris ya):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="DEFLIST"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="" name="SearchMatch16"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;eulServingCellUsersAdm&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the admission limit for the number of &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Enhanced Uplink"&gt;EUL&lt;/a&gt; users having the cell as serving cell &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table class="DEFLIST"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;coverageRelation &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Used to define a coverage related candidate cell, that can be used as a target for loadsharing. Applies to both &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access"&gt;HSDPA&lt;/a&gt; and Non-HSPA loadsharing, and is also used by &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed"&gt;HS&lt;/a&gt; cell selection. &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="UNORD" style="list-style-type: circle;"&gt;hsLoadsharing. If this attribute is set to ON, this coverage relation applies for &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access"&gt;HSDPA&lt;/a&gt; IF loadsharing. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="UNORD" style="list-style-type: circle; padding-top: 6pt;"&gt;dchLoadsharing. If this attribute is set to ON, this coverage relation applies for Non-HSPA IF loadsharing. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="UNORD" style="list-style-type: circle; padding-top: 6pt;"&gt;hsCellSelection. Can be set to ON in only one coverage relation out from the same cell. Defines that this coverage relation applies for &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed"&gt;HS&lt;/a&gt; cell selection.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table class="DEFLIST"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="" name="SearchMatch4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;hsIflsMarginUsers&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;An Operator cell parameter. Defines a number of serving cell &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed"&gt;HS&lt;/a&gt; users that shall be subtracted when computing the remaining resources in a cell. Defined as percent of the admission limit hsdpaUsersAdm&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table class="DEFLIST"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;hsIflsThreshUsers &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;An Operator cell parameter. Defined as percent of the admission limit hsdpaUsersAdm. More than this number of &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed"&gt;HS&lt;/a&gt; serving cell users are required to trigger &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed"&gt;HS&lt;/a&gt; load sharing out from the cell. If set to 0 the feature is OFF in the cell.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="DEFLIST"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="" name="SearchMatch9"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;hsdpaUsersAdm&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;Cell parameter that defines the admission limit for the number of users assigned to the &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed Downlink Shared Channel"&gt;HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel)&lt;/a&gt; Applicable to admission requests related to &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="Radio Access Bearer"&gt;RAB&lt;/a&gt; setup of an &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed Downlink Packet Access"&gt;HSDPA&lt;/a&gt; service. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table class="DEFLIST"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="dlitem"&gt;&lt;td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" width="125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="" name="SearchMatch4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;hsIflsMarginUsers&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;An Operator cell parameter. Defines a number of serving cell &lt;a class="glossexpansion" href="" title="High Speed"&gt;HS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;users that shall be subtracted when computing the remaining resources in a cell. Defined as percent of the admission limit hsdpaUsersAdm.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class="DEF" valign="top" width="100%"&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-1355039679130131805?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/1355039679130131805/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=1355039679130131805&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1355039679130131805'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1355039679130131805'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/10/hsdpa-inter-frequency-load-sharing.html' title='HSDPA Inter Frequency Load Sharing'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uiEZlIhEfPo/TpgHBarnJlI/AAAAAAAAAIc/7l5PL_Z0uDs/s72-c/alex0235.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3367948337289106729</id><published>2011-10-09T01:02:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-10-09T01:03:06.808+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>English Lesson</title><content type='html'>&lt;h4&gt;                                                            Do you have a dream? what's your dream?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;For some people working overseas is a dream, many reason&amp;nbsp; for them who really wanna go abroad and get some experiences in many country. To make it come true, they (included you) have to be able to speak international language which is English.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Don't worry to learn english cause everybody could learn it and you don't have to be a master in speaking, you don't have to be shy or anything else that forbid yourself to grow.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Even if you don't wanna go abroad, in this global world you still have to be able to speak English &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="description"&gt;Learn English naturally without learning grammar. Learn English just as you learned your native language as a child. Learn anywhere, anytime you want on your mp3 player, computer, or car. This program will make you fluent in English.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please click below :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://dacb6j5wv1-o9n51md-wbvev3n.hop.clickbank.net/?tid=OCT2011"&gt;English Lesson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Vxu8sIjv-c4/TpCPyWLkQTI/AAAAAAAAAIU/KGAHWnyhg8M/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="214" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Vxu8sIjv-c4/TpCPyWLkQTI/AAAAAAAAAIU/KGAHWnyhg8M/s320/Untitled.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3367948337289106729?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3367948337289106729/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3367948337289106729&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3367948337289106729'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3367948337289106729'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/10/english-lesson.html' title='English Lesson'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Vxu8sIjv-c4/TpCPyWLkQTI/AAAAAAAAAIU/KGAHWnyhg8M/s72-c/Untitled.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-6384656930370207707</id><published>2011-10-07T22:17:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2011-10-07T23:24:55.337+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>Mengenal Downlink Physical Channel di 3G part1</title><content type='html'>Penting ga sih gw tau tentang kanal" ini? koq sepertinya teoritis banget ya seperti di sekolah...&lt;br /&gt;eits tunggu dulu, kenyataannya sangat penting lho mengetahui dasar teori kanal 3G ini, langsung saja review dari Kanal-kanal downlink WCDMA physical channel berikut ini :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;I. Downlink Common Physical Channels&lt;/b&gt; :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) CPICH&lt;/b&gt; (Common Pilot Channel)&amp;nbsp; singkatnya ini utk penandaan kekuasaan sel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) SCH&lt;/b&gt; (Synchronisation Channel) yang terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu Primary SCH dan Secondary SCH&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;c) CCPCH&lt;/b&gt; (Common Control Physical Channel) yang terbagi menjadi 2 juga yaitu Primary dan Secondary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;d) AICH&lt;/b&gt; (Acquisition Indicator Channel) singkatnya ini menjawab UE (user equipment alias handset 3G kita)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;e) PICH&lt;/b&gt; (Paging Indicator Channel) utk melihat indikasi paging.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;II. Downlink Dedicated Physical Channels :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) DPCCH&lt;/b&gt; (Dedicated Phsycal Control Channel)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) DPDCH&lt;/b&gt; (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yak sudah itu aja bagian-bagian dari DL WCDMA Physical Channel. Lalu kita lanjutkan pembahasan lebih jelasnya dari kanal-kanal tersebut (ga janji komplit lho).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) CPICH&lt;/b&gt; alias common pilot channel yakni kanal yang digunakan untuk menandai suatu area dari pelayan sel. Simbol rate CPICH adalah 15 ksps atau dalam bit rate adalah 15 kbps dan oleh karena itu maka Spreading Faktor yang tepat adalah 256 (SF = 256) silakan lihat tabel (tabel mana yaa :p )&lt;br /&gt;*didapatkan dari rumus Rsymbol = 3.84 Mcps / SF&lt;br /&gt;CPICH digunakan untuk measurement dan phase reference.&lt;br /&gt;CPICH diukur berdasarkan 2 hal..hayo apa?&amp;nbsp; yup jwbnya RSCP dan EC/No kalau di 2G ya Rxlev dan Rxqual atau C/I. &lt;br /&gt;CPICH RSCP dalam dBm sedangkan CPICH Ec/No dalam dB. Kemudian ada UTRA RSSI yaitu Received Signal Strength Indicator = UE mengukur power wideband yang diterima termasuk receiver thermal noise dan signal penginterferensi lainnya.&lt;br /&gt;CPICH Ec/No = CPICH RSCP / UTRA RSSI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) SCH&lt;/b&gt; alias Synchronisation Channel dimulai pada permulaan radio time slot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-6384656930370207707?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/6384656930370207707/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=6384656930370207707&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6384656930370207707'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6384656930370207707'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/10/mengenal-downlink-physical-channel-di.html' title='Mengenal Downlink Physical Channel di 3G part1'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-6497520188054447335</id><published>2011-10-06T17:12:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2011-10-11T11:38:13.416+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Tuning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><title type='text'>Apakah yang dimaksud dengan EUL</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="id"&gt;&lt;span class="hps"&gt;Sering mendengar dari teman-teman tuning 3G di sini istilah CE, SF, HS, R99, HS throughput, video, update license, RBS, (sementara itu dulu). Sebagian besar sih sudah tahu, namun ada istilah yang menggelitik karena sering diulang-ulang.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="id"&gt;&lt;span class="hps"&gt;Yaitu EUL, mencoba cari tahu apa itu EUL dan menemukan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="id"&gt;&lt;span class="hps"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="id"&gt;&lt;span class="hps"&gt;Enhanced Uplink&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;atau&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;Eul :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;Enhanced Uplink&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;ditentukan dalam&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;3GPP&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;Release 6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;dan telah&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;diperpanjang&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;dengan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;tambahan transport dan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;control channel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=""&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;seperti&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;enhanced dedicated channel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="hps"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=""&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=""&gt;dch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=""&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=""&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;dan dengan fitur&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;yang mirip dengan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;HSDPA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=""&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;Enhanced Uplink&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;akan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;memenuhi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;kebutuhan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;mobile broadband&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;dengan peningkatan kinerja&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;dalam&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;uplink&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=""&gt;: EUL akan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;menyediakan kecepatan hingga&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;5.8Mbps&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;di&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;uplink&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=""&gt;, mengurangi&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;delay dan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;kapasitas sistem&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;150-200&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;persen lebih besar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;"We are taking another important step towards making our mobile           broadband promise a reality," said Carl-Henric Svanberg, CEO and           President of Ericsson. "Last year we took the challenge to do with           broadband what we did to telephony some 20 years ago - make it mobile           and available to everyone, everywhere. We now continue on an already           established track to break the ground for the development of WCDMA with           the aim to further increase bit rates and system capacity."&lt;br /&gt;          &lt;br /&gt;          Ericsson WCDMA Enhanced Uplink, or HSUPA, will be introduced on the           market in line with terminal availability. Initial terminals and PC-cards           will be available on the market during the second half of 2006, with           handsets coming early 2007. With the evolution of WCDMA Ericsson stays           true to its established tradition of supplying future proof products           based on cutting-edge technology.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="id"&gt;&lt;span class="hps"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-6497520188054447335?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/6497520188054447335/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=6497520188054447335&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6497520188054447335'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6497520188054447335'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/10/sering-mendengar-dari-teman-teman.html' title='Apakah yang dimaksud dengan EUL'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-65594165734136900</id><published>2011-09-22T22:32:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2011-09-22T22:38:29.348+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tems'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='KPI and Optim'/><title type='text'>Akhirnya Buku Baru Telco Terbit</title><content type='html'>Setelah mencari sekian lama buku yang berkaitan dengan dunia telekomunikasi namun mencakup hal teknis , praktikal, dan berbahasa Indonesia akhirnya sudah muncul juga. Thanks to mas Lingga yang telah meluangkan waktunya untuk menuliskan dan mengumpulkan bahan-bahan yang berkaitan dengan dunia kerja seorang insinyur RF hingga menjadi sebuah buku.&lt;br /&gt;Padahal sebelumnya juga saya sempat berniat untuk menulis hal serupa namun masih minim pengetahuan dan pengalaman,hehe :p dan&amp;nbsp; akhirnya ada juga seorang expert yang mewujudkannya :)&amp;nbsp; Sebab selama ini saya mencari namun semua buku masih membahas yang terlalu teoritis dan lainnya berbahasa Inggris (alasan aja padahal kurang memahami kalau bahasa Inggris, hihihi).&lt;br /&gt;Berikut adalah penampakan cover depan dari buku tersebut :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B0d-FxvZv88/TntOMK0a3CI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/yuTSy28qg7Y/s1600/IMG00272-20110921-1620.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B0d-FxvZv88/TntOMK0a3CI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/yuTSy28qg7Y/s320/IMG00272-20110921-1620.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yup Judulnya adalah &lt;b&gt;2G/3G RF Planning and Optimization for Consultant&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lumayan saya sudah baca sebagian dan memang niat untuk memahami isi dari buku tersebut. Bahasanya cukup mudah dimengerti, di sana dibahas dari yang basic sampai penjelasan kasus" dalam dunia optimasi 2G &amp;amp; 3G. Cocok untuk anda yang ingin lebih dalam memahami dan berkecimpung dalam dunia RF planning and optimization. Hmm ataupun sebagai bekal buat yang mau belajar sendiri karena belum dapet kesempatan kerja di dunia RF. Buku yang mempunyai ketebalan sebanyak kurang lebih 530 halaman ini juga membahas pengenalan tentang 4G dan konvergensi IP Telekomunikasi, sayangnya buku ini hitam putih alias tidak berwarna sehingga kurang jelas saat memberikan gambar" tertentu yang memerlukan keterangan warna (mungkin buat menekan cost kali ya). Sisanya cukup asik untuk dibaca...wah jadi bersemangat nih untuk memahami dan menerapkan isi buku ini. Tertarik?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* isi buku mencakup 2G,3G.Wimax,Drive Testing, HSDPA, UMTS, LTE, Planning, Optimization, EDGE, 4G &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-65594165734136900?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/65594165734136900/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=65594165734136900&amp;isPopup=true' title='27 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/65594165734136900'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/65594165734136900'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/09/akhirnya-buku-baru-telco-terbit.html' title='Akhirnya Buku Baru Telco Terbit'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B0d-FxvZv88/TntOMK0a3CI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/yuTSy28qg7Y/s72-c/IMG00272-20110921-1620.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>27</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-6050564354620742358</id><published>2011-06-07T15:28:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-06-07T15:28:46.658+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Interview Preparation'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>Apa Saja Tentang Radio 3G</title><content type='html'>Tambahan lagi iseng" untuk update belajar 3G Radio nih dari forum telekomunikasi Telecomfunda ,keren juga forum itu untuk menambah wawasan engineer :)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/RfOptimization/%7E3/tAwpZfm6Plk/what-is-pilot-pollution_27.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email" name="1303087d078be19a_1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank"&gt;What is Pilot Pollution?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;= &lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Simply speaking, when the number of strong cells  exceeds the active set&amp;nbsp;size, there is “pilot pollution” in the area.  Typically the active set size is 3, so if there&amp;nbsp;are more than 3 strong  cells then there is pilot pollution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Definition of  “strong cell”: pilots within the handover window size from the  strongest&amp;nbsp;cell. Typical handover window size is between 4 to 6dB. For  example, if there are&amp;nbsp;more than 2 cells (besides the strongest cell)  within 4dB of the strongest cell then&amp;nbsp;there is pilot pollution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/RfOptimization/%7E3/tnI8-sJYfik/what-is-noise-rise-what-does-higher.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email" name="1302b6261f4ed05b_1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank"&gt;What is “noise rise”? What does a higher noise rise  mean in terms of network loading?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;= &lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;For every new user added  to the service, additional noise is added to the&amp;nbsp;network. That is, each  new user causes a “noise rise”. In theory, the “noise rise” is&amp;nbsp;defined  as the ratio of total received wideband power to the noise power.  Higher&amp;nbsp;“noise rise” value implies more users are allowed on the network,  and each user has&amp;nbsp;to transmit higher power to overcome the higher noise  level. This means smaller&amp;nbsp;path loss can be tolerated and the cell  radius is reduced. To summarize, a higher&amp;nbsp;noise rise means higher  capacity and smaller footprint, a lower noise rise means&amp;nbsp;smaller  capacity and bigger footprint.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/RfOptimization/%7E3/0wmG3WsMlag/define-active-set-pros-and-cons-of.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email" name="130263c02f21f82c_1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank"&gt;Define Active Set? Pros and Cons of having a small or  longer Active Set&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;= &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Active Set consists of group of cells that takes  part in soft/softer handover &amp;amp;&amp;nbsp;measure by UE.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Typical size of Active set is 3 or 4 &amp;amp;  generally a standard practice in all WCDMA&amp;nbsp;networks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;A small active set size may provide more resources  available due to less soft/softer&amp;nbsp;handover but at the expense of  handover gain thereby reducing the capacity &amp;amp; link&amp;nbsp;redundancy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/RfOptimization/%7E3/iD-zALjd9P4/explain-functionality-of-tpc.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email" name="13015e5caef1e847_1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank"&gt;Explain the functionality of TPC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;= &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;During Power Control,  Transmit Power control(TPC) commands are used&amp;nbsp;to power up or power down  based on SIR target in the step of 0.5 dB ( 1 dB if the&amp;nbsp;connection is  made over Iur).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/RfOptimization/%7E3/CaazyBYupwQ/explain-timer-t3212.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email" name="12ffc3affde64548_1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank"&gt;Explain Timer T3212?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Periodic LA and RA  updating is used to notify the network of the UEs&amp;nbsp;availability, and to  avoid unnecessary paging attempts for a UE that has lost&amp;nbsp;coverage and is  not able to inform the CN that it is inactive.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt; The periodic LA update procedure is controlled by a  timer, called t3212, which gives&amp;nbsp;the time interval between two  consecutive periodic location updates. The value is&amp;nbsp;sent by the WCDMA  RAN to UEs on the BCCH.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/%7Er/TelecomFunda/%7E3/ta6qcE8TJwo/why-ecio-is-negative.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email" name="12f3356262cca846_1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px;" target="_blank"&gt;Why Ec/Io is negative?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;= &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"&gt;Pilot channel power&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;is  always less than the total cell power, the ratio of the Pilot power  (Ec) to the total cell power (Io) is always less than one. Thus, when  measured&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;decibels,the value of Ec/Io is always  negative.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;Here is the calculation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; line-height: 18px;"&gt;Ec = Effect energy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #323d4f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;Io  = Total energy and noise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; line-height: 18px;"&gt;Ec/Io =  10.log[Effect energy / (total energy+noise)] &amp;lt; 10.log(1) = 0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #323d4f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; Ec/Io always negative&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: blue; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is a CE (Channel Element) in WCDMA?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;"A band Channel Element is the resource base required in the  Node-B to Provide for one voice channel capacity, including the control  plane to Provide for one voice channel capacity, including the control  plane signaling, compressed mode, the transmit diversity and softer  handover. "signaling, compressed mode, the transmit diversity and softer  handover."&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Factors affecting capacity in WCDMA UL and DL, sorted  by descending level of importance as follows: Factors affecting Capacity  in WCDMA UL and DL, sorted by descending level of Importance as  Follows:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- UL: No. CE support on each Node B,  interference, Node B sensivity, .. - UL: No. CE support on the each Node  B, interference, Node B sensivity, ..&lt;br /&gt;- DL: No. CE support on each  Node B Iub interface capacity, power DL, OVSF, ... - DL: No. CE support  on the each Node B Iub interface capacity, power DL, OVSF, ...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus,  CE can be viewed as a license for each NodeB capacity (not more). Thus,  CE can be viewed as a license for each vertex NodeB capacity (not  more).&lt;br /&gt;Each service will need some different CE UL and DL, such as:  the each service will need some Different CE UL and DL, such as:&lt;br /&gt;AMR  12.2 k: Uplink 1; downlink AMR 12.2 k 1: Uplink 1; downlink 1&lt;br /&gt;CS / PS  64 K: 3 Uplink, downlink 2 CS / PS 64 K: 3 Uplink, downlink 2&lt;br /&gt;PS  128/144k: Uplink 5; downlink 128/144k PS 4: Uplink 5; DL 4&lt;br /&gt;384 k PS:  Uplink 10, downlink 8384 k PS: Uplink 10; downlink 8&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-6050564354620742358?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/6050564354620742358/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=6050564354620742358&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6050564354620742358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6050564354620742358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/06/apa-saja-tentang-radio-3g.html' title='Apa Saja Tentang Radio 3G'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3586806927237148258</id><published>2011-04-07T14:57:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-04-07T14:57:39.862+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='KPI and Optim'/><title type='text'>Kumpulan Pertanyaan RF Optim</title><content type='html'>Berikut pertanyaan-pertanyaan dari grup RF optim Linked in :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3 class="groups"&gt;                         Ask :What is the reason for poor UL coverage?                       &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="summary" style="color: blue;"&gt;Some time we observe poor UL  coverage in a region ....in that case we have a drop in good RF  conditions....there is fluctuation in Tx power ....so what is the basic  reason for "poor UL coverage " and call drop??&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;Answer : &lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;. what is the value for  UE MAX TRANSMISSION POWER in RNC &amp;amp; wat value is observed in TEMS? &lt;br /&gt;You can reduce the pilot power "Primary CPICH Power" on effected cells  as high pilot power can cause imbalance between uplink &amp;amp; pilot  coverage.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;Ya there is a sudden  fluctuation in UE Tx power ...and max Tx power in RNC of the site is  around 415 and Primary CPICH power is 315 which is 10% of max Tx  power.....bu how could decreasing pilot power would solve the problem  ??? becoz with the same parameters i have seen successful call with  normal call going around.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;. no i have observed this on a straight  road...moreover i have observed that there is missin RRC and Layer 3  messages in Actix in good RF conditions for around 2mins and then call  drops...See you r recommending of decreasing CPICH but what about other  cells on which call moves successfully under same parameter  circumstances ...&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;.provide details on  MAX UL POWER SET IN RNC &amp;amp; MAX UL POWER, RSCP, Ec/No seen in TEMS  before drop.                   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class="groups"&gt;                         Ask : High TCH Assignment failure and TCH  dropped  call                       &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="summary" style="color: blue;"&gt;I have a cell with 2 TRX on  which the TCH Assignment failure is very high with dropped call.&lt;br /&gt;With OMC-R statistics we found that most of the TCH dropped call where  located on the second TRX that supports frequency hopping (SFH).  Thinking it was interference, I changed the MA list with no good result.  Then TRX and combiner have been changed with no result, the dropped  call and assignment failure are mostly located on the second TRX. Can  someone propose an idea?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;Answer :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;                        &lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;                        One major reason for assignment failures may be  high BER,if on specific TRX only then it can be internal/external radio  interference which u can verify from uplink/downlink quality samples  respectively. if it is occuring on whole cell then it may be due to BER  in microwave E1.u can confirm it by swapping respective E1 with some  other site.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;This is normal  behaviour, check frequency plan first and also you can go on the field  to scan the frequencies in order to see from where is comming the  interference.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;you have first  to  see in OMC statistics what are the detailled raisons of fails /drops are  there BSS/radio or NSS and after that check if any Hardware problems  are detected on TRX.  for interferences you can see if   IFBAND 5 is  high .if yes you can confirm with Scan test external interference&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;Just to inform you  that a solution have been found; &lt;br /&gt;we stopped the hopping and replace the MA list by a single frequency(in  the list of BCCH). we observed the cell for more than 4 days: TCH  dropped call decreased from 4% to 0,40%, and TCH Assignment success  increase from 67% to 96%. thx you all for your help.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;Hi, Its not  necessarily an interferance problem some vendors have issues with TRXs  that only degrade quality when hopping, it might be the case, confirm by  using the same frequencies in non hopping mode one by one. if in non  hopping the KPIs dont degrade then your vendor has a serious issue and  ask for a issue details and replacement of such TRXs.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class="groups"&gt;                         Ask :Question about GSM900/1800 co-BCCH use                       &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="summary" style="color: blue;"&gt;Could anyone comment on the  advantages and drawbacks of co-BCCH among GSM900 and 1800 bands? What  are the benefits of a single BCCH for both bands instead a separate BCCH  for each besides the obvious capacity savings?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;Answer :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;we  gain one channel  for traffic,because GSM900 used for coverage outdoor and indoor ,so we  prefere BCCH among 900, and to absorb traffic near site we prefere &lt;br /&gt;DCS 1800.(underlead _overlead).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;I understand what you  say and I can see the advantages of that. However, we still don't know  if the benefits of that are worth the risks you potentially get when  deploying this feature on the network. As far as we heard from some  other colleagues, common BCCH for GSM900 and 1800 makes the optimization  tasks more difficult to accomplish and may have a negative impact in  DCR since HO to the 1800 layer is done on a "blind" mode.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;DCR due to what? &lt;br /&gt;you have to know how feature run,because each vendor has its own  solution about optimisation,but maybe there is another feature to  complement. &lt;br /&gt;example Ericsson has feature called Abis optimisation ,ie we can operate &lt;br /&gt;18 TRX for 1 E1 instead 12 TRX,but we have to implement another  indispensable feature " i forget its name" in order to avoid signaling  overload.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;Hi, &lt;br /&gt;The main advantages are : &lt;br /&gt;- As Hassen pointed out, you have free up one channel from BCCH to  utilized in TCH &lt;br /&gt;- Less neighbour relation created in BSCs. The overlaid/underlaid cells  behave in intracell handover mode. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main disadvantage are: &lt;br /&gt;- The traffic distribution needs to be monitored closely with the first  implementation &lt;br /&gt;- Operation-wise you need a good support, usually there are a lot of  mistakes take place due to the laco of experience in operation  engineer/team &lt;br /&gt;- Each cell needs to be monitored and optimized since the overall trafic  and subscriber distribution makes the difference. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Overall, "yes" the optimisation need more focus on the cells. But it  creates some alternatives for capacity.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;                        &lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;                        Hi, &lt;br /&gt;Adding to the disadvantage. &lt;br /&gt;Based on the vendor in a dual band single BCCH  cell either  &lt;br /&gt;1. you are using thresholds and then Levels of GSM to move traffic to  DCS and Levels of DCS to move traffic back to GSM of level to move  traffic between bands in this case you need to tune those thresholds for  each cell and either lose traffic to GSM or may pust too aggressive to  DCS and impact DCR / Bad quality /  repeated HO and customer perception.  but a dual BCCH avoids these as it is based on the actual levels of DCS  and GSM received in field. &lt;br /&gt;2. or you have to add your own BCCH to your neighbour list for  concentric cells so you can monitor you GSM Levels when moving from DCS  back to GSM or doing and inter-cell HO from DCS. this way you loose a  neighbour report (you continuously rely on 5 other neighbour reports  rather than 6).in Dual band Dual BCCH its based on actual levels  received in the top 6 neighbour and so Optimization may be simpler :)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ask : what is the information send on the RACH channel&lt;/b&gt; ?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;Answer :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;RACH contain access  burst which encode 8-bit transaction tag to define the reason of the  access and the BSIC of the serving BTS.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;The subscriber uses  RACH to register with the network, acknowledge pages and request traffic  channels for outgoing calls&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;GARBAGE in GARBAGE  out ... &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The question does not specify anything .. Are you a beginner , trying to  get an Overview of RACH or are you looking for Trace file report for  RACH. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Are you talking about GSM RACH. UMTS RACH or LTE RACH :)                   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;(khusus jawaban no.3 agak nyelekit, orang nanya malah digituin hahahahaha)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="summary"&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;Rach is used by MS to  gain access in to the system,this occur whenwhen the mobile intiate a  call or respond to a page it is uplink channel                   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="comment-body" data-li-comment-text=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3586806927237148258?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3586806927237148258/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3586806927237148258&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3586806927237148258'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3586806927237148258'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/04/kumpulan-pertanyaan-rf-optim.html' title='Kumpulan Pertanyaan RF Optim'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-8837564326874283036</id><published>2011-03-17T00:29:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2011-05-24T21:49:35.606+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Interview Preparation'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lowongan Kerja'/><title type='text'>Telekomunikasi Buat Fresh Graduater</title><content type='html'>Fiuh baru sampai rumah sejam-an yang lalu setelah hujan besar dan macet melanda kota Jakarta ini nih. Tapi gpp kebetulan sedang pulang malam karena ada kerjaan dan menunggu jalan agak sepi. Sambil pulang dalam perjalanan tadi, tiba" terlintas di pikiran saya suatu ide ingin membuat buku , pedoman atau guide tentang ilmu praktis Telekomunikasi khusus untuk mereka yang baru lulus kuliah (t.elektro / telekomunikasi) atau yang sedang kuliah mendekati tingkat akhir sebagai pedoman mereka nantinya bila ingin berkarir di dunia telekomunikasi.&lt;br /&gt;Karena saya belum pernah nemu sih buku tentang telekomunikasi yang praktis dipakai ilmunya di dunia kerja....(hmm mungkin karena takut melanggar privacy perusahaan atau memang belum ada saja yang ingin membuatnya dalam bentuk buku). Sekalinya menemukan buku" tersebut tapi isinya masih terlalu ke arah teori dan agak sulit dipahami oleh para mahasiswa (apalagi mahasiswa yang kuliah di Universitas umum,maksudnya Universitas yang tidak mengonsentrasikan / fokus ke bidang telekomunikasi). Kebanyakan apa yang diajarkan oleh dosen" di Universitas tersebut adalah ilmu teori ,mungkin ada dasarnya sebagian yang dipakai di dunia kerja namun itu hanyalah sedikitttttt sekali. Seorang dosen yang memang bukan praktisi pasti beda cara membawakannya dibandingkan bila yang mengajarkan adalah seorang praktisi. Di sisi lain pasti para Mahasiswa tersebut menginginkan ilmu praktis yang bisa membuat mereka paham , menjadi bekal ketika masuk dalam dunia kerja ataupun hingga proses negosiasi dengan user.&lt;br /&gt;Kita tentu tidak mau bukan dicap tidak bisa apa-apa oleh para perekrut itu khususnya para konsultan telekomunikasi yang seharusnya membayar lebih untuk anda, sehingga mereka mempunyai alasan membayar anda serendah mungkin karena memang kenyataannya anda tidak mengetahui apa-apa. Pernah dulu saya tahu ada teman baik alumni atau dari universitas lain yang tidak bisa menjawab lebih ketika ditanya (di-interview) oleh perusahaan kontraktor telekomunikasi. Pertanyaannya padahal tidak aneh" koq hanya seputar dasar GSM, gimana gambaran jaringannya, berapa frekuensi yang digunakan, apa aja kanal"nya, interfacenya hingga proses pemanggilan dari satu hape ke hape lain (eh itu sih udah ribet ya? hehe :p ). Ya tapi begitulah kenyataannya, dari situ kalo seandainya saya seorang pewawancara pun saya sudah tahu harus membayar anda berapa....yaa bila anda seorang fresh graduate gelar S1 dengan kriteria sbb :&lt;br /&gt;1. yang masih tahu sedikit ttg pertanyaan itu tadi ..hmm paling" saya tawarkan 1-2jt/bln . (hihi hanya prediksi iseng saya aja yah tapi base on experience sih gt)&lt;br /&gt;2. yang sudah tahu lebih banyak dikit.. hmm paling" saya tawarkan 2-3jt/bln&lt;br /&gt;3. yang sama sekali ga bisa jawab tentang itu?&amp;nbsp; yaaa itu sih sudah jelas disuru belajar lagi dulu dan ga akan dipanggil" lagi :D hehe&lt;br /&gt;4. nah bagaimana dengan yang pintar menjawab semua itu?&amp;nbsp; ini dia yang dicari para kontraktor. Mereka kemungkinan besar akan sangat tertarik kepada anda dan mulai menawarkan harga lebih tinggi daripada yang disebut sebelumnya. Berapa besar nominalnya itu tergantung dari hasil negosiasi anda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dari fresh graduate hingga menjadi expert bila anda benar" fokus menjalani dunia telko ini dalam 3 - 5 tahun mendatang. Otomatis bila sudah expert seperti orang" di luar sana,,anda bisa go overseas dengan bayaran fantastis ataupun tetap berada di dalam negeri tercinta ini juga dengan bayaran yang tinggi (meski tidak setinggi di luar negeri namun itu sudah sangat sangat memuaskan) wew sambil berimajinasi saya pun kepingin dapat seperti para expert itu. Di dalam negeri saja (termasuk Jakarta) , para expert itu berpenghasilan 15-30 jt bahkan pernah dapat kabar ada yang lebih dari itu..ckck hebat. So intinya semua tergantung kemauan kita untuk terus belajar dan mengembangkan skill kita di satu bidang yang ingin kita fokuskan (kebetulan kalau saya sendiri ingin memfokuskan di bidang RF/RNP engineer).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bagian" ilmu yang bisa anda pilih untuk anda fokuskan di bidang telko ini adalah sbb (sebagian yg saya tahu) :&lt;br /&gt;- OSS Engineer (Operation&amp;nbsp; Support System) tugasnya kurang lebih mengolah data" mentah / statistik dll dari jaringan telekomunikasi, utk kemudian datanya dipakai oleh para engineer" seperti optim.&lt;br /&gt;- RNO Engineer (Radio Network Optimization) atau sebutan lain dari optim. Tugasnya kurang lebih memonitor jaringan setiap harinya dan memberikan suatu nilai parameter baru bila KPI jaringan mulai menurun.&lt;br /&gt;- RNP Engineer (Radio Network Planning) tugasnya kurang lebih merencanakan suatu site baru, menyediakan coverage plot, merubah" frekuensi untuk support RNO engineer, memanage database seluruh site, dll.&lt;br /&gt;- TNP Engineer (Transmission Network Planning) tugasnya kurang lebih merencanakan transmisi jaringan seperti kebutuhan E1, config jaringan (STAR, RING, Multidrop,dll)&lt;br /&gt;- CADDIE Engineer (Computer Aided Database Design Engineer), khusus utk perangkat Siemens, tugasnya kurang lebih menyediakan script,memodifikasi script untuk di-eksekusi oleh OSS. Script dibuat berdasarkan permintaan parameter dari tim Optim , RNP ataupun RNO. Namun di dalam script juga banyak terdapat parameter yg hanya diketahui oleh si Caddie itu sendiri.&lt;br /&gt;- BSC Engineer (Base Station Controller), saya kurang paham detil tugasnya.&lt;br /&gt;- Core Engineer, juga kurang paham yang jelas ia berkaitan dengan elemen-elemen yang ada di MSC sebagai inti atau core jaringan telko / seluler.&lt;br /&gt;- PLO Engineer (Pre Launch Optimization) tugasnya hampir mirip dengan RNO / optim, namun ada perbedaan waktu saat optimasi pada sitenya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dan lain-lain mungkin masih ada lagi di luar sana, jadi manakah bidang yang anda pilih ?&lt;br /&gt;kembali lagi ke ide saya tersebut..hmm awalnya pingin juga sih jd trainer gitu (haha) tapi masih ingin memperdalam dulu ilmunya. Mungkinkah ada yang berminat&amp;nbsp; buku/dokumen tersebut? yang isinya ttg ilmu" praktis untuk para fresh graduater seperti :&lt;br /&gt;Dasar" GSM,CDMA,WCDMA,Microsoft Excel yg sering dipakai dalam dunia kerja,dan bidang RNP sesuai dengan yang dijalankan. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;jangan lupa tinggalkan jejak anda. &lt;br /&gt;Thanks and good luck for all&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-8837564326874283036?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/8837564326874283036/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=8837564326874283036&amp;isPopup=true' title='25 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8837564326874283036'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8837564326874283036'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2011/03/telekomunikasi-buat-fresh-graduater.html' title='Telekomunikasi Buat Fresh Graduater'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>25</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-5731548823443686532</id><published>2010-12-28T17:56:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T17:56:46.517+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lowongan Kerja'/><title type='text'>Lowongan Kerja DT Engineer</title><content type='html'>&amp;nbsp;Dear all, ada titipan dari temen ane nih, monggo yang berminat :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PT China Comservise Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt;DT Engineer ( 6 )&lt;br /&gt;Qualifications:&lt;br /&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;- Minimum D3/S1 graduated, preferred majoring in Telecommunication Engineering&lt;br /&gt;...- Good attitude and communication skill in Bahasa Indonesia and English.&lt;br /&gt;- Has Good knowledge in Telecommunication Cellular Technology&lt;br /&gt;- Familiar with TEMS, Mapinfo &amp;amp; related tools&lt;br /&gt;- Able to do log files analysis, RF Optimization experience is preferred&lt;br /&gt;- Able to analyze result of DT test and make Report.&lt;br /&gt;- Computer literate&lt;br /&gt;- Willing to be assign in all over Indonesia (Kalimantan &amp;amp; Sulawesi)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Should you meet the requirements above, please send your most-updated CV and application letter directly to recruitment@ccsindo.com&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-5731548823443686532?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/5731548823443686532/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=5731548823443686532&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5731548823443686532'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5731548823443686532'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/12/lowongan-kerja-dt-engineer.html' title='Lowongan Kerja DT Engineer'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3337862804280707728</id><published>2010-12-07T22:52:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-07T23:05:15.168+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>Kapasitas Air Interface 3G</title><content type='html'>&amp;nbsp; Malam ini iseng buka-buka lagi buku tentang 3G RNP...fiuh masih banyak hal" yang  belum kupelajari :( .&lt;br /&gt;Kali ini ingin menulis, mengulang, sekaligus sharing sama teman-teman tentang kapasitas Air Interface 3G. &lt;br /&gt;Kapasitas yang dimaksud berhubungan dengan berapa banyak kapasitas  yang dapat ditampung di air interface (interface udara --&amp;gt; MS with  BTS/Node B) hingga bila akhirnya sudah tidak dapat dimuati lagi akan  terjadi blocking. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/TP5LwfQKmFI/AAAAAAAAAH4/toYiX0J6UY0/s1600/3G+air+interface.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="267" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/TP5LwfQKmFI/AAAAAAAAAH4/toYiX0J6UY0/s400/3G+air+interface.JPG" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; Pada gambar di atas, Kapasitas air interface dipengaruhi oleh permintaan layanan, kondisi interferensi di udara, dan ketersediaan sumber radio. Bila kapasitas di udara masih ada, lalu cek kapasitas hardwarenya atau channel element (CE) di sistem 3G. Faktor itulah yg kemudian akan menentukan service (layanan) diterima atau ditolak. Itu hanya gambaran umum tentang kapasitas air interface. Layanan apapun itu tetap memerlukan radio resource dari jaringan. Jumlah radio resources yang dibutuhkan bergantung pada jenis layanan.&amp;nbsp; Ketika radio resource didapat untuk beberapa layanan, artinya adalah kapasitas air interface masih dapat menampungnya. Sebaliknya, air interface akan menolak atau terjadi block ---&amp;gt; &lt;b&gt;soft block&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; Bila dalam kasus kapasitas air interface dapat menampung layanan dengan semestinya, konsekuensinya adalah hardware yang diperlukan untuk layanan seperti Channel Element harus dibuat available sebaik mungkin. Bila terjadi sebaliknya, makan akan di-reject atau blocked ---&amp;gt; &lt;b&gt;hard block &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; Oleh sebab itu, sangat penting untuk mempersiapkan kapasitas hardware di Node B termasuk jumlah channel element usahakan sesuai dengan estimasi kapasitas air interface. Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya bahwa kapasitas air interface bergantung pada&lt;b&gt; nilai Eb/No.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;(Eb/No)j = (Cj.Tbj) / (Io/W) = (W/Rb.j).(C/Io)j &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Total Noise Power (Io) usahakan sekecil mungkin agar signal power terima (Cj) yang diperlukan juga kecil.Semakin besar Io makan semakin besar Cj atau daya yang diperlukan, yang berarti konsumsi daya pancar lebih (uplink dan downlink).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Segitu dulu all, newbie coba baca-baca lagi dulu ye :p hehe&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3337862804280707728?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3337862804280707728/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3337862804280707728&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3337862804280707728'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3337862804280707728'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/12/kapasitas-air-interface-3g.html' title='Kapasitas Air Interface 3G'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/TP5LwfQKmFI/AAAAAAAAAH4/toYiX0J6UY0/s72-c/3G+air+interface.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3894970162270316845</id><published>2010-10-27T18:38:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-07T22:57:06.308+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lowongan Kerja'/><title type='text'>Lowongan CADDIE Engineer</title><content type='html'>Iseng" update blog yang belum pernah disentuh untuk beberapa bulan. Mau kasih info tentang lowongan kerja dulu ya.&lt;br /&gt;kantor ane lagi butuh 1 orang CADDIE (Computer Database Aided Design Database Engineer) nih,, ada yang berminat? homebase Jakarta Project Sumatra Area.&lt;br /&gt;Job desknya membuat script-script dari request planning,optim, dan pihak yang berkaitan.&lt;br /&gt;Persyaratan? &lt;br /&gt;- pria / wanita no problemo :P&lt;br /&gt;- bisa MSOffice Word &amp;amp; Excel, Notepad, dll&lt;br /&gt;- fast learner&lt;br /&gt;- lebih disukai sih yang berpengalaman namun fresh graduate juga boleh coba &lt;br /&gt;- hard worker&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;hmmm apalagi ya...itu dulu deh bila berminat kirim aja CVnya ke&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;APPLICATION CLOSED&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3894970162270316845?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3894970162270316845/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3894970162270316845&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3894970162270316845'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3894970162270316845'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/10/lowongan-caddie-engineer.html' title='Lowongan CADDIE Engineer'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4759630505758639202</id><published>2010-07-23T10:33:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-07-23T10:34:11.271+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>Simulasi Monte Carlo Dalam Planning 2</title><content type='html'>Secara tradisional biasanya digunakan simulasi static pada FDMA / TDMA untuk menghitung margin pada model propagasi sesuai interferensi yang ada. Namun karena level interferensi pada tiap intrasel maupun intersel berbeda-beda pada tiap-tiap selnya, maka pendekatan itu akan memberikan hasil yang meleset pada jaringan sebelumnya.&lt;br /&gt;Oleh karena itu pada jaringan CDMA seperti UMTS dan CDMA 2000 lebih baik digunakan metode lain untuk memprediksi coverage dan kapasitas sel, yaitu pendekatan dengan simulasi Monte Carlo ini.(ASSET3G memakai pendekatan tsb). Selama simulasi :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- A large number of randomized snapshots are taken of network performance for different user equipment (terminals) over time. In these snapshots, the terminals are positioned in statistically determined locations and generated independently for each snapshot. ----&gt; snapshot diambil secara acak pada terminal berbeda dari waktu ke waktu dan diposisikan secara fix di lokasi yang ditentukan,serta dihasilkan sendiri-sendiri untuk tiap snapshot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- The number of terminals in an active session in a pixel is determined using a Poisson distribution with a mean given by the number of terminals in the traffic array. This means that the total number of terminals in a snapshot is Poisson distributed and so it will vary from snapshot to snapshot. ----&gt; owh ini pake teknik distribusi Poisson (dlu waktu kuliah sepertinya kita pernah dapet ya pelajaran probabilitas statistik) , baca : possong&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- These snapshots are then used in calculations to obtain statistically valid measurements giving an estimate of the mean network performance. ----&gt; haduh tolong diartiin yang bisa,,hehe intinya snapshot atau pengambilan gambar itu yg memakai teknik distribusi poisson lah yang akan digunakan untuk dihitung guna mendapatkan data pengukuran yang tepat untuk mengestimasi rata-rata performa jaringan.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4759630505758639202?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4759630505758639202/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4759630505758639202&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4759630505758639202'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4759630505758639202'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/07/simulasi-monte-carlo-dalam-planning-2.html' title='Simulasi Monte Carlo Dalam Planning 2'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-5712817552418584591</id><published>2010-07-23T09:24:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-07T23:02:38.970+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lowongan Kerja'/><title type='text'>LOKER RF ENGINEER</title><content type='html'>Buat yg mau overseas dan experience Coba - coba aja tu kirim CV anda ke richa.kainthola@netc-intl.com&lt;br /&gt;langsung ke orangnya ya,jgn tanya ke saya lg hehe&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hi ,&lt;br /&gt;I hope you are doing great!&lt;br /&gt;As per our conversation on Gtalk I’m mailing you the requirement.&lt;br /&gt;Currently we have multiple openings in Russia for RF Engineers.&lt;br /&gt;Senior 3G RF planning engineer - 6 positions open&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Duration: 1 year&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If interested please send in your resume or else please pass these details to your friends or colleagues looking for opportunity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also let me know your years of experience on:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.     3G?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.     RF?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.     3G Planning?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.     Nokia equipments?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.     Your availability period?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.     Your expected salary (all inclusive rates)?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I eagerly await your response!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Regards&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Richa Kainthola&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-5712817552418584591?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/5712817552418584591/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=5712817552418584591&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5712817552418584591'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5712817552418584591'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/07/loker-rf-engineer.html' title='LOKER RF ENGINEER'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3695705938340052545</id><published>2010-06-17T00:09:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-06-17T00:09:18.142+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>Simulasi Monte Carlo Dalam Planning</title><content type='html'>Terbesit mengenai pembahasan simulasi Monte Carlo (Monte Carlo Simulation) ini ketika ada seorang teman yang menanyakan tentang pengertiannya. Hmm bolehlah kita cari tahu yuk apa sih Monte Carlo itu dalam perencanaan pada jaringan 3G...mariii&lt;br /&gt;  Jaringan radio 3G maupun 2G dapat dimodelkan atau disimulasikan,tapi kali ini pembahasan tentang di 3G. Metode prediksi yang digunakan pada planning tools 2G dan 3G yaitu kita ketahui --&gt; static simulation dan dinamic simulation. Nah pada static simulation itulah teknik simulasi Monte Carlo digunakan, karena dengan teknik ini jaringan 3G dengan konfigurasi node B yang bermacam-macam dapat disimulasikan. Pelanggan atau pengguna aktif ditempatkan secara acak dan statis (waktunya sama)pada area perencanaan coverage berdasarkan distribusi trafik untuk tiap layanan perencanaan. Untuk akurasi yang baik, si planner sebaiknya menjalankan / running simulasi itu berulang-ulang pada kondisi yang sama. Semakin banyak jumlah perulangan akan memberikan hasil yang lebih akurat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(duh da ngantuk,,nti lagi ya dilanjutin)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3695705938340052545?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3695705938340052545/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3695705938340052545&amp;isPopup=true' title='6 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3695705938340052545'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3695705938340052545'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/06/simulasi-monte-carlo-dalam-planning.html' title='Simulasi Monte Carlo Dalam Planning'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4205613514304535856</id><published>2010-02-27T22:33:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-03T23:12:52.412+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>3G Radio Network Planning part 3</title><content type='html'>Sering mendengar di 3G / CDMA apa yang disebut dengan pilot, pilot sebenarnya adalah sebuah sinyal yang menandakan tiap- tiap sel itulah yang disebut dengan CPICH (Common Pilot Indicator Channel). Di suatu sel atau daerah terdapat banyak CPICH, namun hanya ada satu atau dua pilot yang bersifat dominan di dalam satu sel. Jangan sampai terdapat banyak pilot yang dominan karena inilah yang disebut dengan pilot pollution, ataupun juga tidak terdapat pilot yang dominan (no pilot dominant). CPICH diukur oleh node B berdasarkan 2 yaitu --&amp;gt; RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) dan Ec/No (energy chip per noise).&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4ky93jkC8I/AAAAAAAAAHY/sBdutxJs8d0/s1600-h/applications_clip_image006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="91" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4ky93jkC8I/AAAAAAAAAHY/sBdutxJs8d0/s200/applications_clip_image006.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4k04FD3ZAI/AAAAAAAAAHg/eq2sbrT4ITc/s1600-h/ppolution1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4k04FD3ZAI/AAAAAAAAAHg/eq2sbrT4ITc/s320/ppolution1.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Penyebab Bad coverage adalah terdapatnya area blank spot (coverage holes), Pilot Pollution, Access failure, kehilangan pesan paging, call drop, ataupun karena tidak adanya pilot yang bersifat dominan. Mumpung ingat bila terjadi pilot pollution salah satu caranya adalah dengan downtilt agar layanan sel satu dengan sel lainnya tidak saling tumpang tindih.&lt;br /&gt;Sedangkan kapasitas yang kurang (Lack of Capacity) disebabkan karena kapasitas udara tidak tersedia lagi, Call Block yang tinggi, Call drop yang terjadi karena handover blocking, pemancar power Node B yang sudah penuh terpakai sementara trafiknya rendah, ataupun Channel Element (CE) yang sudah penuh). Namun hal yang paling pertama diperiksa bila terjadi call block (panggilan tidak dapat terjadi) adalah periksa dahulu kapasitas udaranya (air interface capacity) tersedia atau tidak. Kemudian setelah itu baru deh kita lihat Channel Element Capacity nya (ini segi hardware) dan setelah itu channel element occupancy nya.&lt;br /&gt;Air Interface Capacity menentukan berapa jumlah channel elemen yang sebaiknya diinstal / dipasang pada node B (sebutannya dari BTS pada 2G). O yah ada teknik lain untuk menambah kapasitas suatu node B tanpa mengubah tilting ,,,,yaitu second carrier. Yeah kata inilah yang saya sering dengar dari teman planner yang menghandle 3G di kantor. Second carrier second carrier second carrier apaaan sih?&amp;nbsp; huh..(maaf soalnya ngiri ma teman yang dapet kesempatan bisa planning 3G sedangkan saya masih berkutat di 2G saja) hahaha kidding jangan dianggap serius tapi irinya baik koq ga bermaksud buruklah. Cuma kan yang namanya ilmu pengetahuan dan skill rasanya lebih mantap bila memiliki skill di 2G dan 3G RNP.&lt;br /&gt;Yup tapi sekarang udah agak berkurang irinya hehe setelah mengenal istilah-istilah dalam dunia 3G seperti node B, RNC, CPICH, MAPL, pilot code, Scrambling Code, pole capacity, AICH,PICH, etc. Walau belum lengkap sih yah secara ilmu di 2G itu luas banget lhoo bahkan belum selesai mempelajarinya eh teknologi semakin berkembang lagi dan lagi seperti WIMAX, LTE dan entah apa lagi nanti.Yang jelas kuasai dulu ilmu yang sekarang ada, perkuat basic karena pasti dari basic itu orang bisa menjadi expert.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4205613514304535856?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4205613514304535856/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4205613514304535856&amp;isPopup=true' title='12 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4205613514304535856'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4205613514304535856'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/02/3g-radio-network-planning-part-3.html' title='3G Radio Network Planning part 3'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4ky93jkC8I/AAAAAAAAAHY/sBdutxJs8d0/s72-c/applications_clip_image006.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>12</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7417027667829204175</id><published>2010-02-27T10:11:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-02-27T10:11:04.235+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>3G Radio Network Planning part 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4iJHgkrNTI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/HvLbwR1gPsQ/s1600-h/segitiga%2Bsama%2Bsisi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4iJHgkrNTI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/HvLbwR1gPsQ/s200/segitiga%2Bsama%2Bsisi.jpg" width="187" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Planning 3G intinya terbagi pada 3 hal berikut yaitu Coverage, Quality, dan Capacity. Ketiga hal tersebut saling berkaitan satu sama lain dalam merencanakan jaringan 3G.&lt;br /&gt;Dimisalkan pada segitiga di samping ABC adalah Coverage, Quality, dan Capacity. Lalu bila kita tarik titik A ke atas maka titik C atau B akan ikut tertarik (memendek) , bila titik B kita tarik maka A dan C pun juga mengikuti dan begitu pula dengan titik C.&lt;br /&gt;Apa maksudnya?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lihat bila A = quality , B = Capacity, dan C = Coverage&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ketiga hal tersebut saling bergantungan. Bila kita ingin Quality ditingkatkan hingga nilai KPI tertentu maka capacity atau coverage yang akan berkurang. Dalam 3G tidak bisa kita inginkan semuanya bernilai tinggi (Quality tinggi coverage luas dan capacity banyak), jadi diperlukan pertimbangan yang matang bila merencanakan suatu jaringan 3G entah dari sisi coverage, capacity,quality harus diperhatikan secara bersamaan.(tidak seperti di 2G yang terpisah plan coverage dan capacitynya).&lt;br /&gt;Mengapa ya koq bisa begitu? jawabnya karena 3G menggunakan teknologi WCDMA yang notabene kalau di sistem CDMA interferensi bukan dari sisi frekuensinya melainkan dari banyaknya user yang ada. Kembali kita kenal dengan istilah cell breathing (sel yang membesar dan menciut bergantung dari banyaknya user yang ada di sel). Sehingga di planning 3G bila coveragenya luas maka berdampak pada kapasitas yang semakin berkurang. Kapasitas yang ditingkatkan akan berakibat berkurangnya coverage. Nah jadi perencanaan bergantung kesepakatan dengan operator yang menyediakan jaringan 3G tersebut, setelah menset nilai quality yang diinginkan lalu mau coverage atau capacity yang dikorbankan? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;next ...CPICH,pilot pollution,poor quality,bad coverage&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7417027667829204175?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7417027667829204175/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7417027667829204175&amp;isPopup=true' title='8 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7417027667829204175'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7417027667829204175'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/02/3g-radio-network-planning-part-2.html' title='3G Radio Network Planning part 2'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4iJHgkrNTI/AAAAAAAAAHQ/HvLbwR1gPsQ/s72-c/segitiga%2Bsama%2Bsisi.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4286501071645426856</id><published>2010-02-26T15:01:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-03T23:13:39.547+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>3G Radio Network Planning</title><content type='html'>3G (Third Generation) RNP wah kedengaran mengasikkan setelah sekian lama tidak pernah bersentuhan dengannya dan belum merasakan secara langsung apa dan bagaimana rasanya menjadi seorang 3G planner. Sempat iri juga dengan teman-teman yang sudah merasakan menjadi 3G planner / RNP 3G. Denger" sih planning di 3G lebih mudah dari 2G hmm bila dilihat dari sisi frekuensi sih iya lebih mudah wong boleh memakai frekuensi yang sama dalam beberapa site karena teknik dasar CDMAnya yang membedakan adalah kode atau scrambling codenya. Jumlah Scrambling Code pun banyak ada 512 buah untuk downlink sedangkan untuk uplink kalo ga salah ada 2 pangkat 24 scrambling code yang pengaturannya diset oleh RNC (BSC klo di 2G).&lt;br /&gt;Nah yang diplan oleh planner 2G adalah yang downlinknya. Setiap sel 3G dibedakan oleh 8192 codes (512 Primary Scrambling code dan 15x512 Secondary Scrambling Code). Biasanya seorang planner 3G membagi 512 SC itu menjadi 64 grup tiap grup berisi 8 primary SC. Banyak bukan?&lt;br /&gt;Bukan hanya itu saja,antara scrambling code satu dengan lainnya tidak mengenal adjacent interference seperti halnya plan frekuensi ,asalkan Scrambling Code nya tidak sama antar site yang berdekatan ditambah boleh reuse juga karena terbatasnya code (tu kan banyak wah enak juga ya kalau begitu). Tapi jangan merasa puas dulu, itu kan baru dari segi plan scrambling code. Bagaimana plan trafik , capacity, dan coveragenya? Apa itu CPICH? hmmm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tunggu postingan selanjutnya...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4286501071645426856?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4286501071645426856/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4286501071645426856&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4286501071645426856'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4286501071645426856'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/02/3g-radio-network-planning.html' title='3G Radio Network Planning'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-2388738673330920190</id><published>2010-02-24T14:45:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-02-24T19:43:16.207+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>2G Frequency Planning</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4Ud5aWFQPI/AAAAAAAAAHI/I9UKWNASWFA/s1600-h/buat+blog.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 281px; height: 210px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4Ud5aWFQPI/AAAAAAAAAHI/I9UKWNASWFA/s320/buat+blog.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441788596908802290" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mau nulis apa yh sekarang jadi bingung belum ada bahan lagi hehee :)&lt;br /&gt;Ditambah lagi mau plan banyak new site nih dan juga retune frequency bcch dan tch biar lebih improve parameter KPI-nya.  Parameter KPI (Key Performance Index) apa sih yang berhubungan dengan frequency interference ??&lt;br /&gt;hmm jawabnya Call Setup Success Ratio (CSSR) , Handover Success Ratio (HOSR), Call Drop Rate / TCH Drop Rate, SDCCH Success Ratio (SDSR). Pengertian tentang parameter" tersebut lihat aja di label postingan KPI and Optim.&lt;br /&gt;Bicara tentang planning 2G frequency sebenarnya yang paling ribet adalah pengaturan frekuensi bcch dan tchnya bila alokasi frekuensi yang ada sedikit/terbatas tetapi kita sebagai planner harus bisa menggunakan daya frekuensi itu dengan baik setidaknya sangat sedikit terdapat adanya interferensi frekuensi terutama co channel interference. Sebaiknya planner juga mempunyai lebih dari 1 alat bantu plan,jadi jangan hanya mengandalkan dari satu prediksi planning tool saja. Planner pun juga harus tahu keadaan actual setiap hari alias update untuk menghindari kesalahan perencanaan yang diakibatkan karena tidak updatenya suatu data nilai frekuensi yang sedang on air saat melakukan planning.&lt;br /&gt;Selain data frekuensi yang update, diperlukan juga data antena real yang digunakan di lapangan agar prediksi di planning tool sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Namun adakalanya kita harus memperhatikan polarisasi antena yang ada di planning tool, mengapa? karena ada tipe antena yang polarisasinya seharusnya tidak bersifat omni (makro) tetapi bila dilihat di equipment cellular antenna hasilnya malah omni,sehingga ini membuat kesalahan yang fatal dalam prediksi.&lt;br /&gt;Lalu bagaimana cara untuk memeriksa keseluruhan antena yang sudah digunakan apakah polarisasinya salah atau tidak?&lt;br /&gt;Mungkin jawaban yg paling mudah adalah dengan  melihat hasil best server dari seluruh site yang hendak diperiksa. Bila ada cov best server yang mencurigakan seperti bentuknya bulat di sekitar site maka itu perlu diperiksa lagi tipe yang digunakan dan kembali memperbaiki dengan tipe antena yg benar dari cellular equipment tadi. hoho terlihat sepele yah? tapi yah nyatanya bisa mempengaruhi ketelitian kita dalam memplan suatu frekuensi, entah itu ingin meretune agar nilai KPI naik, upgrade downgrade, ataupun membuat site baru.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-2388738673330920190?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/2388738673330920190/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=2388738673330920190&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2388738673330920190'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2388738673330920190'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/02/2g-frequency-planning.html' title='2G Frequency Planning'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S4Ud5aWFQPI/AAAAAAAAAHI/I9UKWNASWFA/s72-c/buat+blog.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4246066024560719083</id><published>2010-02-18T15:55:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-05T01:18:48.825+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><title type='text'>Etika Berstatus Ria Di Jejaring Sosial</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S30dOR53yyI/AAAAAAAAAG4/EQkgir-2yew/s1600-h/fb.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5439536056094935842" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S30dOR53yyI/AAAAAAAAAG4/EQkgir-2yew/s200/fb.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; height: 86px; width: 200px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teringat dengan beberapa kasus yang muncul belakangan ini mengenai masalah yang timbul disebabkan status di twitter,facebook,dan lainnya, maka sudah sepatutnya kita memahami bagaimana seharusnya mengambil hikmah pelajaran di balik itu semua.&lt;br /&gt;Karena kita sebagai konsumen/pengguna sarana elektronik,komputer , dan yang berhubungan dengan transaksi elektronik, seyogyanya kita perlu memahami etika dalam menggunakan sarana-sarana tersebut bila tidak ingin terjerat dalam masalah yg lebih rumit lagi. Undang-undang ITE (Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik) memang diciptakan untuk mengatur segala jenis yang berkaitan dengan kebutuhan pengguna maupun penyedia layanan eletronik melalui internet misalnya seperti perlindungan hukum dari penyalahgunaan transaksi internet, mendorong perekonomian Indonesia karena penyelengaraan sistem elektronik wajib berbadan hukum dan berdomisili di Indonesia, dan lain-lain. Namun banyak juga kalangan UU ITE juga mempunyai sisi negatif disebabkan tumpang tindihnya antara UU ini dengan UU perlindungan konsumen, sebagaimana contoh kasus Prita. Terlepas dari kasus tersebut, kali ini muncul beragam kasus (entah serupa atau tidak) yang berkaitan dengan pemasangan status di situs jejaring sosial Facebook &amp;amp; Twitter.&lt;br /&gt;Gara-gara facebook (fb) 4 murid sekolah dikeluarkan dari sekolahnya, gara"fb pula seorang gadis diculik oleh teman dari fbnya sendiri, Luna Maya dituntut oleh media gara" statusnya di Twitter, lalu status-status lainnya di facebook yang kerap menimbulkan pertengkaran dan perselisihan baik antar teman,pacar,maupun pihak" tertentu. Itulah sisi negatif dari kebebasan berekspresi yang mudah melalui internet dan diketahui oleh banyak orang. Seberapa bebas atau emosinya kita berekspresi melalui fasilitas-fasilitas itu semua, kita tetap harus memperhatikan etikanya. Sama seperti kita menahan amarah maupun kata-kata yang tidak baik bila berhadapan masalah dengan orang lain, kita pun harus bisa mengatur tutur kata marah kita itu ke bahasa yg lebih beretika. Makanya sungguh tidak layak ternyata sebagian anggota DPR yang pernah bertengkar dalam sidang dengan mengeluarkan segala makian kasar. Ketahuilah temans bahwa pemasangan status di FB,Twitter,dll adalah cerminan dari diri kita, sifat kita, bagaimana cara kita melampiaskan emosi, maka berhati-hatilah terhadap itu semua. Jujur saya pun juga punya kekurangan, namun sering juga dengan melihat status teman" di fb sudah bisa menebak bagaimana karakter orang tersebut :)&lt;br /&gt;Sekali lagi pesan yang ingin disampaikan penulis (juga untuk mengingatkan penulis sendiri) adalah untuk berstatus rialah di situs jejaring sosial tersebut dengan etika yang baik, bila sudah sangat emosi dan ingin menyindir maka sindirlah dengan halus , jaga kata-kata yang terucap seberapa emosipun anda (mulutmu harimaumu). Terkesan klise ya? ya tetapi begitulah bila ingin hidup tentram dalam masyarakat yang majemuk ini,lagipula agama mengajarkan kita untuk bertutur kata dengan halus bukan? &lt;a name="fb_share" type="button_count" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php"&gt;Share&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script src="http://static.ak.fbcdn.net/connect.php/js/FB.Share" type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4246066024560719083?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4246066024560719083/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4246066024560719083&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4246066024560719083'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4246066024560719083'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/02/etika-berstatus-ria-di-jejaring-sosial.html' title='Etika Berstatus Ria Di Jejaring Sosial'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S30dOR53yyI/AAAAAAAAAG4/EQkgir-2yew/s72-c/fb.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-5343155584921759634</id><published>2010-02-11T17:28:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-02-11T17:46:01.479+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='KPI and Optim'/><title type='text'>Just Remind Me part 2</title><content type='html'>Berhubung dapat istilah yang baru kudapat yah daripada lupa mending kutulis di blog ini saja.&lt;br /&gt;Ini beberapa yang terdengar asing buatku :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;AOR = Antena Orientation Request, (ini diperlukan bila terdapat daerah yang kurang menerima coverage dengan baik dari site, terlihat juga saat DT hasil Rxlev di daerah itu agak jelek.)&lt;br /&gt;Total Utilization = (total traffic dari voice dan data / traffic offered ) * 100&lt;br /&gt;misal bila total utilisasi di atas 80 % berarti trafik yang ada tinggi dan perlu diamati untuk upgrade TRX atau unlock TRX bila ada yang dilock.&lt;br /&gt;Perftest = seperti merestart CU yang bermasalah.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-5343155584921759634?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/5343155584921759634/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=5343155584921759634&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5343155584921759634'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5343155584921759634'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/02/just-remind-me-part-2.html' title='Just Remind Me part 2'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7279542077199908308</id><published>2010-02-07T14:49:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-02-07T15:46:03.989+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>Apa HAARP?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S259Ii7QvQI/AAAAAAAAAGw/Vzmk1q1M1-M/s1600-h/haarp-aerial-view.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 317px; height: 311px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S259Ii7QvQI/AAAAAAAAAGw/Vzmk1q1M1-M/s320/haarp-aerial-view.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5435419386050559234" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program  (HAARP) adalah sebuah program penelitian yg berkenaan dgn ionosfir didanai bersama oleh US Air Force, US Navy, University of Alaska dan Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). [1] Tujuannya adalah untuk menganalisis ionosfer dan menyelidiki potensi untuk mengembangkan teknologi perangkat tambahan yg berkenaan dgn ionosfir untuk komunikasi radio dan keperluan surveilans (seperti deteksi rudal). [2] Program ini mengoperasikan fasilitas utama di Kutub Utara, dikenal sebagai Stasiun Riset HAARP, pada sebuah situs milik Angkatan Udara dekat Gakona, Alaska. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Instrumen yang paling menonjol di Stasiun HAARP adalah yg berkenaan dgn ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), sebuah fasilitas pemancar daya tinggi yang beroperasi di rentang frekuensi tinggi. IRI digunakan untuk sementara merangsang area terbatas ionosfer. Instrumen lain, seperti VHF dan UHF radar, sebuah fluxgate magnetometer, sebuah induksi digisonde dan magnetometer, digunakan untuk mempelajari proses-proses fisik yang terjadi di suatu wilayah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Kontroversi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S259ITi5cXI/AAAAAAAAAGo/_CEPc8g6_Wo/s320/haarp.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5435419381921837426" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dugaan potensi untuk digunakan sebagai senjata&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proyek HAARP menjadi subjek kontroversi pada pertengahan 1990-an, setelah mengklaim bahwa antena dapat digunakan sebagai senjata. Pada bulan Agustus 2002, menyebutkan kritis teknologi HAARP berasal dari Duma Negara (parlemen) dari Rusia. Duma mengeluarkan siaran pers pada HAARP ditulis oleh urusan internasional dan komite pertahanan, yang ditandatangani oleh 90 deputi dan disajikan untuk  Presiden Vladimir Putin. Pernyataan menyatakan: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;AS menciptakan  senjata integral baru geofisika yang dapat mempengaruhi wilayah di dekat-Bumi dengan frekuensi tinggi gelombang radio ... Signifikansi  lompatan hal ini secara kualitatif dapat dibandingkan dengan transisi dari baja dingin untuk senjata api, atau dari senjata konvensional ke senjata nuklir. Jenis baru senjata ini berbeda dari tipe sebelumnya di media dekat-Bumi  sekaligus menjadi objek pengaruh langsung dan komponennya.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;sumber:wiki&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Di sejumlah situs juga banyak yang berasumsi bahwa gempa di Haiti adalah akibat dari HAARP ini disebabkan beberapa realita seperti warna langit sebelum terjadinya gempa,dll..hmm bahaya juga ya seandainya senjata semacam ini benar" bisa disalahgunakan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7279542077199908308?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7279542077199908308/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7279542077199908308&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7279542077199908308'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7279542077199908308'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/02/apa-haarp.html' title='Apa HAARP?'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/S259Ii7QvQI/AAAAAAAAAGw/Vzmk1q1M1-M/s72-c/haarp-aerial-view.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-5692672461233170926</id><published>2010-01-27T21:46:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-01-27T22:05:55.929+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>Hmm gitu toh Skimmer</title><content type='html'>Kemaren lusa saya pingin tau seperti apa sih bentuk skimmer,,,,owh ternyata bentuknya seperti tempat untuk memasukkan kartu di ATM cuma ada kejanggalannya bisa dilepas atau goyang bila ditarik menurut Ruby Alamsyah. Belum lihat sih rekaman komplit bagaimana cara yang digunakan pembobol yang dipraktekkan oleh mas Ruby ini di Metro TV. &lt;br /&gt; Hahaha ternyata menjadi polemik juga gara-gara si Roy Suryo itu...huhh bikin ribet,kliatannya takut tersaingi tuh :P....sudah mas Ruby biar masyarakat yg menilai sendiri,udah sebel dengan segala permainan kata yang tidak suka dengan anda. Ibaratnya anjing mengonggong kafilah berlalu.&lt;br /&gt; Hmm jadi harus lebih berhati" nih kita ke ATM, Oleh karena itu ada beberapa tips yang patut kita perhatikan :&lt;br /&gt;1. Lihat di sekitar ATM itu ada yang mencurigakan gak seperti skimmer,atau tempat brosur yang ternyata di dalamnya terdapat kamera pengintai yang mengarah ke layar monitor kita. &lt;br /&gt;2. Juga sebaiknya jangan pernah meninggalkan struk-struk kita di ATM atau membuangnya di tempat sampah yang ada disitu..klo soal ini banyak banget nih masyarakat yang sembarang meninggalkan struk di ATM. Baiknya anda robek-robek sekecil mungkin lalu buang di tempat sampah luar, inget ya di tempat sampah bukan sembarang tempat hehe&lt;br /&gt;3. Ganti ATM sesering mungkin (tapi klo yg ini menurut saya agak males karena sulit juga kita mengingat nomor" pin bila sering diganti, ya ga sih? mending jarang diganti tapi tidak pernah memberitahukan kepada siapapun juga walau itu operator Bank)&lt;br /&gt;4. Memasukkan nomor PIN yang salah usai bertransaksi.(maksudnya agar tidak tercopy pin yg asli kita masukkan di awal)&lt;br /&gt;5. Tutup dengan tangan anda ketika memasukkan no pin&lt;br /&gt;6. Berbicara sendiri dengan lantang/bernyanyi ketika memasukkan no.PIN (haha klo ini versi saya sendiri agar tidak terdengar bunyi nada ketikan pin kita ^^, bisa aja kan si pembobol menggunakan modus rekaman)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tentang internet banking apa masih aman yah? coz saya sendiri tidak menggunakan fasilitas itu,mungkin teman" ada yang punya pengalaman.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tag : Ruby Alamsyah, Roy Suryo, Bank, ATM, Pembobol ATM, Skimmer, Spy Camera&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-5692672461233170926?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/5692672461233170926/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=5692672461233170926&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5692672461233170926'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5692672461233170926'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2010/01/hmm-gitu-toh-skimmer.html' title='Hmm gitu toh Skimmer'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-8370283620222079682</id><published>2009-11-17T01:50:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-11-17T02:48:29.823+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><title type='text'>Outsourcing,Sikapi Dengan Positif Atau Negatif ?</title><content type='html'>Semalam adalah hari yang melelahkan (badan masih pegal" sehabis latihan fisik lari di senayan hari minggu) ditambah kuliah masuk pk 17.00 WIB tapi saya telat jadi masuk pk 17.45 (hehe) karena hujan deras ditambah kemacetan lalu lintas di jalan. Selepas kuliah seperti biasa istirahat Magrib dan setelah itu diisi dengan makan malam bersama teman" di kantin sembari menunggu kuliah selanjutnya pk 19.30 . Lalu sempat terbahas tentang sistem outsource di negara kita ini karena kami termasuk para pekerja juga ada yang sedang/sudah merasakan manis pahitnya menjadi tenaga kerja outsource termasuk saya :)  (manisnya ada ga?)&lt;br /&gt;  Tergantung kita menyikapi hal tersebut, apakah dengan positif thinking atau negatif thinking melulu. Kalau mau disikapi dengan positif, sistem outsourcing di negara kita ini memberikan peluang kesempatan kerja yang lebih luas, memaksa kita meningkatkan skill/experience, bayaran lebih besar dari yang tetap dan menyenangkan bagi orang yang tidak mau terikat (karena kontrak teruss). Namun sisi negatifnya bagi karyawan yaitu ketidakjelasan masa depan (karena ketika kontrak habis,bila belum ada penggantinya maka akan menjadi pengangguran lagi), tidak adanya pesangon (umumnya), dan semakin bebasnya perusahaan asing yang memanfaatkan hal tersebut demi kepentingannya saja (coba saja perhatikan di banyak tempat, seperti konsultan/subcon asing biasanya pribuminya berstatus kontrak semua kalaupun ada yg tetap ya hanya dua atau tiga saja. Penempatan pribumi itu sebagai "syarat" saja kata teman saya bila nanti diaudit oleh semacam departemen tenaga kerja agar bisa membuktikan bahwa ada tenaga kerja pribumi di situ. Banyak semacam trik,mafia dan permainan disitu, namun kembali lagi ke diri kita masing" apakah ingin capek hanya memikirkan ini atau menjalani dengan sikap positif? Seharusnya yang kita harapkan adalah pemerintah melakukan action terbaik untuk kesejahteraan rakyatnya, regulasi juga harus ditinjau kembali oleh pemerintah karena bisa dilihat betapa perang tarif merajalela dan merusak harga pasar. Seharusnya ada pembatasan harga mininum misalnya, karena hal tersebut nantinya akan berdampak lagi bagi para karyawan/engineer di dalamnya.&lt;br /&gt;  Pernah terbesit di pikiran saya saat membahas bersama ayah tentang sistem outsource yang ada ini bermula dari perdagangan bebas atau pasar terbuka (hmm neuroliberalisme?)...jadi itulah mengapa Indonesia tidak cocok diterapkan sistem yang "terlalu" liberal. Kata ayah juga sebenarnya sudah dari dulu (20 thn yg lalu) sistem outsource itu sudah ada Indonesia,namun belum terdengar gaungnya. Tidak masalah bagi pekerja terdidik menengah ke atas, namun sistem kontrak tersebut pasti sangat meng-khawatirkan bagi para buruh.pekerja kelas menengah ke bawah atau pekerja non skilled.&lt;br /&gt;  Lalu apa yang bisa kita lakukan sebagai karyawan atau pekerja? jawabnya tidak ada melainkan terus berpikir positif, tingkatkan kemampuan diri di tengah kompetisi yang ketat ini, dan selalu bersyukur terhadap apa yang didapatkan,  dijalani dengan melakukan yg terbaik serta tetap berdoa semoga segalanya akan menjadi lebih baik lagi....amienn........  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;o yah btw tetap jgn lupa rajin menabung,investasi,beramal,dll ya hehe kali aja nanti bisa jadi pengusaha ha ha ha.. :p&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-8370283620222079682?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/8370283620222079682/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=8370283620222079682&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8370283620222079682'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8370283620222079682'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/11/outsourcingsikapi-dengan-positif-atau.html' title='Outsourcing,Sikapi Dengan Positif Atau Negatif ?'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-1839275932089983117</id><published>2009-10-21T22:47:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-10-21T23:17:33.681+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><title type='text'>Sinyal Digital</title><content type='html'>Kemarin ada dosen yang menanyakan sesuatu itu apakah bersifat descrete atau continue. Misalnya seperti pada pemakaian kanal dan waktu pendudukan apakah sifatnya descrete atau continue?&lt;br /&gt;bersifat continue maksudnya ada yang berubah-ubah secara acak namun apabila diamati lebih lanjut sebenarnya itu membentuk suatu grafik yg terpola dan berulang. Maka demikian yang disebut bersifat continue. Berikut kita akan pelajari mengenai sinyal digital yang mempuyai sifat gelombang continue.&lt;br /&gt;Sinyal digital dalam komputer memiliki irama amplitudo yang berubah dari waktu ke waktu. Kelebihan sinyal digital adalah lebih mudah diperbaiki. Saat sinyal merambat melalui udara, sinyal tersebut dapat menemui suara atau gangguan yang dapat mengubah gelombang sinyal.&lt;br /&gt;Karakteristik penting dalam sinyal digital adalah :&lt;br /&gt;-Kecepatan data,&lt;br /&gt;-throughput, sama dengan kecepatan data akan tetapi pada umumnya kalkulasi throughput mengabaikan bit-bit yang berhubungan dgn overhead pada protokol komunikasi.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-1839275932089983117?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/1839275932089983117/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=1839275932089983117&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1839275932089983117'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1839275932089983117'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/10/sinyal-digital.html' title='Sinyal Digital'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3848437939423777938</id><published>2009-10-10T19:09:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-10-10T19:21:02.390+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='GSM overview'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Interview Preparation'/><title type='text'>Persiapan Interview Telekomunikasi</title><content type='html'>Sekedar mengingatkan baik untuk diri sendiri maupun bagi teman-teman yang sedang mempersiapkan interview di perusahaan telekomunikasi. Berikut pertanyaan teknis yang sering ditanya berdasarkan pengalaman saya :&lt;br /&gt;1. Ceritakan tentang teknologi GSM yang saudara ketahui !&lt;br /&gt;2. Jangan lupa tentang interface-interface di GSM, apa fungsi TRAU.&lt;br /&gt;3. Berapa MHz frekuensi Tx dan Rx GSM 900 di suatu BTS? Berapa carrier spacing?&lt;br /&gt;4. Loss-loss yang ada di feeder, combiner,dll (sebutkan berapa dB)&lt;br /&gt;5. Gain antenna ---&gt; 18 dBi dan yang lainnya?&lt;br /&gt;6. Apa beda dBi dengan dBm? apakah sama?&lt;br /&gt;7. Berapa jumlah kanal ARFCN GSM900&lt;br /&gt;8. Bila mempunyai bandwidth 10 MHz, lalu berapa frekuensi yang dapat digunakan dan bagaimana perencanaannya?&lt;br /&gt;9. Apa itu C/I, dB, berapa C/I untuk adjacent, co-channel interference&lt;br /&gt;10. Apa itu Rx Level, Rx Qual, dan apa hubungannya?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Segitu dulu yah nulisnya ;)&lt;br /&gt;Kalau ada teman" yang mau menambahkan silahkan dengan senang hati nih =)&lt;br /&gt;Thanks&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3848437939423777938?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3848437939423777938/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3848437939423777938&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3848437939423777938'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3848437939423777938'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/10/persiapan-interview-telekomunikasi.html' title='Persiapan Interview Telekomunikasi'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7168759193969839050</id><published>2009-10-04T07:05:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-10-04T07:10:53.996+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><title type='text'>Internet &amp; Gadget</title><content type='html'>Hi friends,&lt;br /&gt;Sekedar informasi jika sedang mencari produk SMART Telecom berupa Netbook, Wireless Router, USB Modem dan Hape Modem, ada disini nih :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://kumpulblogger.com/smart_index.php?skbid=9339" target="_new"&gt;&lt;img src="http://kumpulblogger.com/banner_smart.jpg" title="Produk SMART" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Produk SMART Telecom&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Ok thanks for your time n have a nice day..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7168759193969839050?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7168759193969839050/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7168759193969839050&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7168759193969839050'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7168759193969839050'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/10/internet-gadget.html' title='Internet &amp; Gadget'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-1491902529669724273</id><published>2009-10-01T08:36:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-10-01T09:13:21.696+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba-Serbi Kehidupan'/><title type='text'>Coretan Pagi</title><content type='html'>Turut prihatin atas gempa yang terjadi yang memporak-porandakan Padang Sumatra Barat. Semoga para korban diberikan ketabahan dan ketegaran atas musibah yang terjadi..amienn&lt;br /&gt;Sekali lagi kita diingatkan atas kematian,oleh sebab itu sebagai manusia kita jangan lupa untuk memanfaatkan waktu dengan sebaik-baiknya. Sadar banget diri ini juga masih suka melalaikan waktu,,,ibarat pedang kita sudah terhunus olehnya.&lt;br /&gt;Insya Allah kita semua akan bertambah baik dari hari ke hari. Hanya satu musuh kita sebenarnya yg harus kita perangi,,yaitu rasa malas. Gimana yah melawan rasa malas saat motivasi kita sedang down-downnya?&lt;br /&gt;O yah baca-baca email milis di parakontel (forum para praktisi telekomunikasi Indonesia) isinya lowongan luar negeri dan membutuhkan pengalaman minimal 2 tahun terus,memang sih milis ini ditujukan untuk para ahli telco yang sudah berpengalaman. Makanya sekarang dibuat peraturan di milis tsb untuk new member yang msh fresh tidak diperkenankan ikut. Huh jadi sempet kepikiran klo saja saya nanti sudah mempunyai ilmu lebih yang bermanfaat dan jadi ahli, akan saya bentuk sutu forum atau apalah sebagai media pembelajaran bagi para fresh yang ingin menjadi ahli telekomunikasi.(hahaha,,,namanya jg impian blh donk berandai-andai).&lt;br /&gt;Semangad!!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-1491902529669724273?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/1491902529669724273/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=1491902529669724273&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1491902529669724273'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1491902529669724273'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/09/coretan-pagi.html' title='Coretan Pagi'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7721916985428599203</id><published>2009-09-20T19:44:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-09-20T19:57:16.741+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>Met Ied Fitri 1 Syawal 1430 H</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" &gt;&lt;a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.shareapic.net/content.php?gid=714273&amp;amp;owner=psquall"&gt;SELAMAT HARI RAYA IDUL FITRI 1430 H&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taqabbalallahu Minna Waminkum.............................&lt;br /&gt;Semoga Allah SWT menerima amal ibadah kita semua, amien&lt;br /&gt;Mohon Maaf Lahir dan Batin yah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SrYmVHkkW-I/AAAAAAAAAFU/Amvbs1Tlp_I/s1600-h/010_Idul_fitri-card.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 258px; height: 262px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SrYmVHkkW-I/AAAAAAAAAFU/Amvbs1Tlp_I/s400/010_Idul_fitri-card.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5383532548819540962" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7721916985428599203?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7721916985428599203/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7721916985428599203&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7721916985428599203'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7721916985428599203'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/09/met-ied-fitri-1-syawal-1430-h.html' title='Met Ied Fitri 1 Syawal 1430 H'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SrYmVHkkW-I/AAAAAAAAAFU/Amvbs1Tlp_I/s72-c/010_Idul_fitri-card.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-2208105327027867009</id><published>2009-09-19T04:19:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-09-19T04:52:57.759+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='CDMA'/><title type='text'>CDMA Technology</title><content type='html'>Pagi-pagi gini setelah sahur sambil menunggu waktu subuh enaknya ngapain ya... ngenet dulu aja ah,bete di kamar banyak nyamuk (masih musim banyak nyamuk nih) tidur pun juga jadi kurang nyaman. O yah jadi inget dulu pernah baca buku tentang seluler salah satu isinya ada yang membahas tentang benarkah ada perbedaan fixed wireless dengan seluler. Di situ intinya lebih menyatakan bahwa sebenarnya tidak ada perbedaan antara fixed wireless dengan seluler, bisnis tersebut hanyalah aka-akalan pemerintah saja ketika dimunculkannya teknologi CDMA 2000 1x. Lalu strategi pemasaran jitu diterapkan, disebutkan teknologi fixed wireless adalah seperti telepon rumah namun bisa dibawa kemana-mana (tak bawa kemana-mana,haha) dengan penomoran konvensional dan tarif murah. Inilah yang kita kenal dengan sebutan HP CDMA.&lt;br /&gt;    Namun kita ingat dahulu Hp CDMA hanya bisa digunakan di area-area yang terbatas tidak bisa menjangkau bila kita keluar dari area layanan karena terbatasnya lisensi. Terbatasnya inipun juga strategi agar GSM tidak kehilangan pelanggannya yang apabila hp cdma sudah bisa dipakai dimana-mana tentu orang akan lebih memilih layanan yang murah ini. Akhirnya sekarang kita pun tau bahwa hp cdma sudah bisa dipakai dimana-mana namun dengan mengaktifkan kodenya terlebih dahulu. Ternyata setelah CDMA sudah mendapat hak lisensi itupun, pelanggan GSM juga masih tetap banyak dikarenakan memang pasar GSM sudah lebih dulu memasuki para user/pemakai di Indonesia. Dan kita juga tahu bahwa GSM pun menerapkan strategi penurunan tarif untuk menyaingi CDMA. Tentu setiap orang mempunyai pengalaman yang berbeda-beda dalam memakai kedua teknologi ini. Satu yang pasti teknologi ini akan semakin berkembang nantinya dan pastinya strategi pemasaran para operator akan berubah ke depannya,....kita lihat saja :)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-2208105327027867009?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/2208105327027867009/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=2208105327027867009&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2208105327027867009'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2208105327027867009'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/09/cdma-technology.html' title='CDMA Technology'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4967021561147940650</id><published>2009-09-06T23:04:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T18:54:35.686+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>Pilih Subcon,Vendor,atau Operator</title><content type='html'>Hai semua,,,,pa kabar?smg baik saja yh. Blm da postingan telco dlu jd saya isi dengan yg lain.&lt;br /&gt;Kerjaan di dunia telekomunikasi indonesia intinya berada pada 3 tempat, yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;-Operator (Indosat,Excel,Telkomsel,dll)&lt;br /&gt;-Vendor (Nokia,Siemens,Ericsson,dll)&lt;br /&gt;-Subcon (yg ini banyak bedh)&lt;br /&gt;Masing-masing tempat punya kelebihan dan kekurangan masing" tergantung tipe orang yang bagaimana anda itu (di samping jg keberuntungan sih).&lt;br /&gt;Di operator enaknya kerja bisa dikontrol kapan pulangnya maupun kesibukannya, dan 'nyaman'.Namun kekurangannya pendapatan msh kalah dgn vendor/subcon. Di vendor enaknya dapat ilmu bisa mengaplikasikan,gaji lebih tinggi, namun kekurangannya bisa menyita waktu anda lebih banyak.&lt;br /&gt;Di subcon enaknya bisa dapat ilmu dan lebih mengaplikasikan di lapangan,pendapatan sesuai dengan pengalaman dan nego. Ga enaknya? ya sdh tentu waktu jauh lebih banyak tersita terutama bila project sudah mendekati deadline. Semua tergantung anda,ada juga sistem kontrak dan tetap namun saat ini sulit sekali yah dapat yang tetap dan mantap...hmm&lt;br /&gt;jadi pilih mana ya?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4967021561147940650?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4967021561147940650/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4967021561147940650&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4967021561147940650'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4967021561147940650'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/09/pilih-subconvendoratau-operator.html' title='Pilih Subcon,Vendor,atau Operator'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-8766319520502465491</id><published>2009-09-02T08:48:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-09-02T09:18:33.337+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='WIMAX'/><title type='text'>Beda Wimax dan 3G</title><content type='html'>WCDMA sebagai bagian dari teknologi 3G menggunakan Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) untuk membagi sinyal pada spektrum 5 GHz. WCDMA ini berbasis pada 3GPP Release 99 dan melayani kecepatan yang tidak pernah melebihi 3Mbps atau maksimum hanya mencapai 2 Mbps dalam kondisi diam atau berada di wilayah hotspot. Sedangkan bila bergerak hanya mampu mencapai kecepatan 384 Kbps. WCDMA menggunakan modulasi QPSK untuk pembagian kodenya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Versi portabel dari WIMAX (IEEE 802.16e) menggunakan Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDM/OFDMA). Melalui OFDMA, spektrum frekuensi akan dibagi dalam banyak bagian. Masing-masing bagian selanjutnya akan menggunakan modulasi QPSK atau QAM. Wimax mampu menghasilkan kecepatan hingga 75 Mbps yang jauh lebih tinggi dari kecepatan 3G sehingga cukup potensial untuk memberikan akses internet kecepatan tinggi secara wireless dan sangat memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai media komunikasi ponsel. Dibandingkan 3G, Wimax memang memiliki kemampuan yang lebih besar, mampu memberikan jangkauan yang luas dan kemampuannya lebih besar dr 3G. Sayangnya untuk dapat menggunakan teknologi ini pada pemancarnya (BTS) perlu ditambahkan sel-sel baru karena sel-sel yang sudah ada pada BTS tidak dapat dimanfaatkan. Akibatnya operator-operator jaringan seluler perlu mengeluarkan biaya lebih untuk memasang fungsi WIMAX ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perbedaan utama antara Wimax dan Wifi bukan terletak pada kecepatannya melainkan jaraknya. Wifi dapat hanya dapat menjangkau hingga 30 meter, sedangkan WIMAX mampu mencapai jarak hingga 50 Km dengan koneksi wireless. Keuntungannya kecepatan tinggi video conference, dan hal" lain yang dapat dilakukan oleh 3G namun semuanya akan terasa lebih cepat.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-8766319520502465491?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/8766319520502465491/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=8766319520502465491&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8766319520502465491'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8766319520502465491'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/09/beda-wimax-dan-3g.html' title='Beda Wimax dan 3G'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-8441649347617118132</id><published>2009-06-23T17:59:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-06-23T18:04:08.350+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>Postpone</title><content type='html'>Dah lama ga update nih blog krn kesibukkan kerja...(sok sibuk c hehe) haduh plus cicil susun tesis nih lg bingung gmn cara mengolah data yang baik bwt analisis yg ga trlalu susah" baget. uuhh..help me friends..bnyk banged ilmu yang harus diraih di telekomunikasi. wah masih dangkal nih ilmuku....Mo blajar dari temen"yg udh jago smg mereka mau yh :)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-8441649347617118132?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/8441649347617118132/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=8441649347617118132&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8441649347617118132'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8441649347617118132'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/06/postpone.html' title='Postpone'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-2535203236634071721</id><published>2009-03-30T17:53:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-03-30T18:55:35.893+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><title type='text'>Planning Freq and SFH 1X3</title><content type='html'>Sebelumnya saya turut berduka atas bencana alam situ gintung yang menelan banyak korban. Semoga arwah korban mendapat perlindungan dari Allah SWT di alam kubur dan bagi keluarga yang ditinggalkan diberi ketabahan. amien..&lt;br /&gt;Posting kali ini hanya membahas ttg pola untuk perencanaan SFH.&lt;br /&gt;Hmm menurutku pola SFH 1x3 enhanced malah mengurangi alokasi BCCH yang ingin dipakai di sistem 2G GSM.  Mengapa? karena alokasi TCH frek yang digunakan sebagai Mobile Allocationnya mengambil 2 atau 3 arfcn dari bcch.. huff ternyata jd lebih sulit juga merencanakan frek bcchnya klo sdh bgini (site"nya sangat banyak dan berdekatan sementara alokasi frek bcch yang ada terbatas). Mau reuse juga tetap saja pasti ada adjacent interference. Jadi lebih baik dicari yang seminimal mungkin interference-nya (hope there is no complain again). Jika ingin solusi lain lagi yaitu ubah pola SFHnya dari 1x3 menjadi 1x1 yang membuat alokasi frek bcch lebih banyak lagi, namun ini mengganti pola dari 1 site dan sekitarnya berarti harus merubah pola 1 cluster. hmmph&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-2535203236634071721?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/2535203236634071721/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=2535203236634071721&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2535203236634071721'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2535203236634071721'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/03/planning-freq-and-sfh-1x3.html' title='Planning Freq and SFH 1X3'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-1202213444925127771</id><published>2009-03-23T21:36:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-03-23T21:40:08.931+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='GPRS'/><title type='text'>GPRS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div id="result_box" dir="ltr"&gt;GSM data transmission technology such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) is a technology used for wireless data services such as wireless internet or intranet and multimedia services.&lt;br /&gt;This technology is being developed, and, of course, such as wireless technology in the other world, this technology will be growing very quickly. Such as GPRS roaming is a basic requirement to realize a global mobile internet to customers in the different GPRS operator GPRS network in the future. This applied to the GRX, which is an IP routing network centralized for interconnection between the GPRS network. GRX system based on GPRS roaming has been successfully conducted between Sonera Roaming System network with Nokia's.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;commtechm2m.com says :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network is an "always            on", private network for data. It uses the existing GSM network            to transmit and receive TCP/IP based data to and from GPRS mobile devices.            Private IP addresses are typically dynamically assigned within the network            to mobile devices. However, Access Point Names (APN's) provide a gateway            route to other networks such as the Internet, WAP services or private            corporate networks.            Firewalls typically reside at the APN to isolate            the public and private networks. IP addresses allocated to mobile GPRS            devices are therefore not addressable from outside the GPRS network            (e.g. from the Internet) without specialised services or infrastructure. &lt;/p&gt;                 &lt;h3&gt;GPRS tutorial - GPRS elements diagram &lt;/h3&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.comtechm2m.com/images/gprsnetwork.jpg" alt="gprs network" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-1202213444925127771?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/1202213444925127771/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=1202213444925127771&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1202213444925127771'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1202213444925127771'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/03/gprs.html' title='GPRS'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4785638879264048981</id><published>2009-03-09T12:13:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-03-09T12:20:36.760+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='GSM overview'/><title type='text'>GSM</title><content type='html'>Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)&lt;br /&gt;       Sejak 1980, sistem telepon seluler analog tumbuh sangat cepat di Eropa tidak hanya di Skandinavia dan Inggris tetapi juga di Prancis dan Jerman. Tiap negara mengembangkan sistemnya masing-masing sehingga tidak kompatibel satu sama lain baik pada perangkat maupun sistemnya. Situasi itu tidak menguntungkan karena tidak hanya perangkat yang beroperasi terbatas tetapi juga menjadikan pasar dari perangkat tersebut menjadi sangat terbatas.&lt;br /&gt;       Pada tahun 1982, Conferensi Europeenne des Postes et Telecominications (CEPT) membentuk kelompok studi yang dinamakan Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) untuk mempelajari dan mengembangkan sistem komunikasi publik di Eropa. Sistem tersebut harus memenuhi kriteria :&lt;br /&gt;a. Memiliki kualitas suara yang baik.&lt;br /&gt;b. Biaya pelayanan dan perangkat murah.&lt;br /&gt;c. Mendukung untuk roaming internasional.&lt;br /&gt;d. Mampu untuk mendukung terminal bergerak.&lt;br /&gt;e. Mendukung untuk dilakukannya pengembangan pelayanan dan fasilitas.&lt;br /&gt;f. Efisien dalam pemakaian spektrum frekuensi.&lt;br /&gt;g. Kompatibel dengan ISDN.&lt;br /&gt;       Sistem GSM menggunakan prinsip penggunaan kembali frekuensi (frekuensi reuse), hal ini dapat membuat efisien pemakaian spektrum frekuensi. Pada tahun 1989, pertanggung jawaban GSM diberikan kepada European Telecomunication Standard Institute ( ETSI ), dan pada tahun 1990 fase 1 dari GSM dipublikasikan. Karena sifatnya yang mendunia, bersamaan dengan itu kepanjangan GSM kemudian berubah menjadi Global System for Mobile Communication. Layanan komersial dimulai pada pertengahan 1991, dan pada tahun 1993 terdapat 36 jaringan GSM di 22 negara. Meskipun distandarisasi di Eropa, GSM tidak hanya digunakan di Eropa. Lebih dari 200 jaringan GSM (termasuk DCS1800 dan PCS1900) dioperasikan di 110 negara di seluruh dunia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.2 Sistem Jaringan GSM&lt;br /&gt;       Jaringan GSM terbagi menjadi 4 sistem utama. Tiap sistem terdiri dari sejumlah unit fungsional dari jaringan komunikasi bergerak. Empat sistem tersebut adalah :&lt;br /&gt;1. Switching System (SS)&lt;br /&gt;2. Base Station System (BSS)&lt;br /&gt;3. Operation Support System (OSS)&lt;br /&gt;4. Mobile Station (MS)&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;2.2.1 Switching System (SS)&lt;br /&gt;       Switching System bertanggung jawab terhadap kinerja proses panggilan dan fungsi subscriber yang berhubungan. Termasuk unit-unit fungsional sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;1. Mobile Switching Center (MSC)&lt;br /&gt;MSC berperan sebagai switching node dari PSTN dan ISDN, dan menyediakan semua fungsi yang dibutuhkan untuk melayani pelanggan seperti registrasi, authentication, locating updating, handovers, dan call routing subscriber.&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;br /&gt;2. Home Location Register (HLR)&lt;br /&gt;HLR adalah jaringan database tersentral yang menyimpan dan mengatur semua mobile subscription yang dimiliki operator tertentu. HLR bekerja sebagai penyimpanan permanen untuk informasi subscription seseorang sampai subscription itu dibatalkan.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;3. Visitor Location Register (VLR)&lt;br /&gt;VLR mengandung informasi tentang semua mobile subscriber yang terletak dalam  area pelayanan MSC. Oleh karena itu ada satu VLR untuk setiap MSC dalam jaringan. VLR menyimpan sementara informasi subscription sehingga MSC dapat melayani semua pengguna. Ketika pengguna melakukan panggilan, VLR sudah mempunyai informasi yang diminta untuk call setup.&lt;br /&gt;4. Authentication Center (AUC)&lt;br /&gt;AUC berfungsi untuk menentukan keaslian pengguna-pengguna dalam menggunakan sebuah jaringan. Dalam hal ini AUC digunakan untuk melindungi operator-operator jaringan dari pencurian. AUC adalah database yang terhubung ke HLR yang menyediakan parameter-parameter authentication dan ciphering keys untuk menjamin keamanan jaringan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Equipment Identity Register (EIR)&lt;br /&gt;EIR adalah database yang mengandung informasi resmi dari handset (handphone) di jaringan. EIR membantu untuk menghalangi panggilan dari pencurian atau tidak adanya perizinan resmi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.2.2 Base Station System (BSS)&lt;br /&gt;      Base Station System terdiri dari unit-unit :&lt;br /&gt;1. Base Transceiver Station ( BTS )&lt;br /&gt;2. Base Station Controller ( BSC )&lt;br /&gt;Fungsi utama BSS adalah melakukan koneksi antara MS dan BTS melalui media radio interface. BSS juga mengendalikan sistem interface radio seluler dan link transmisi antara elemen-elemen di sub sistem BSS. Komponen-komponen yang berlainan supplier dapat saling berkomunikasi melalui bus interface.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)&lt;br /&gt;Pada base transceiver terdapat radio transceiver yang menentukan sel dan menangani radio link protocol dengan mobile station. Pada urban area yang luas sangat mungkin terdapat banyak BTS. Persyaratan BTS adalah reliability, minimum cost dan kuat. BTS berfungsi untuk :&lt;br /&gt;a. Timing Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) dan Common Control Channel (CCCH).&lt;br /&gt;b. Meneruskan data pengukuran MS dan BTS ke BSC.&lt;br /&gt;c. Mengawasi sinkronisasi antara MS dan BTS.&lt;br /&gt;d. Mengendalikan channel coding dan decoding pada sisi radio.&lt;br /&gt;e. Mengendalikan interleaving dan deinterleaving pada sisi radio.&lt;br /&gt;f. Mengendalikan encryption dan decryption pada sisi radio.&lt;br /&gt;g. Melakukan kinerja frekuensi hopping.&lt;br /&gt;h. Mengendalikan Transmitter (Tx) RF.&lt;br /&gt;i. Merupakan interface BSC ke MS.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Base Station Controller (BSC)&lt;br /&gt;BSC menangani radio resource untuk satu atau lebih BTS. BSC menangani radio channel set up, frequency hopping, dan hand overs. BSC menghubungkan mobile phone dengan Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC) dan mengkonversikan 13 Kbps standar channel yang biasa digunakan pada Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) atau ISDN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.2.3 Operation Support System (OSS)&lt;br /&gt;       OSS digunakan untuk memantau dan memonitor jaringan GSM seperti alarm yang ada, statistik performansi, konfigurasi jaringan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mempercepat proses optimalisasi dan penanggulangan gangguan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.2.4 Mobile Station (MS)&lt;br /&gt;       Mobile Station (MS) terdiri dari perangkat bergerak (terminal) dan sebuah smart card yang disebut Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). SIM menyediakan personal mobility sehingga pemakai tidak terikat dengan penggunaan satu terminal saja. Dengan memasukkan SIM ke dalam terminal GSM (handphone), pemakai dapat menerima panggilan, melakukan panggilan, dan memperoleh layanan yang lain seperti SMS, MMS serta GPRS.&lt;br /&gt;       Setiap terminal GSM memiliki sebuah kode unik dari International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). SIM mengandung International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) yang berguna untuk mengidentifikasi pengguna kepada sistem, kunci rahasia untuk autentifikasi, dan informasi yang lain.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;2.3 Absolute Radio Frequency Channel (ARFCN) &lt;br /&gt;       ARFCN atau RF carrier sebenarnya adalah sepasang frekuensi yang digunakan untuk transmit dan receive sehingga informasi dapat dikirim dalam 2 arah. Untuk GSM, sepasang frekuensi dipisahkan dengan jarak 45 MHz dan suatu ARFCN harus dialokasikan pada setiap sel di jaringan GSM.&lt;br /&gt;       International Telecommunication Union (ITU) yang mengelola alokasi spektrum radio internasional mengalokasikan frekuensi GSM900 yaitu, 890 – 915 MHz untuk frekuensi uplink (mobile station ke base station) dan frekuensi 935 – 960 MHz untuk frekuensi downlink (base station ke mobile station) untuk jaringan bergerak di Eropa. Daerah frekuensi GSM ini mempunyai 124 Absolute Radio Frequency Channel (ARFCN) dengan lebar bandwidth per kanalnya sebesar 200 KHz dan mempunyai 8 TDMA timeslot. &lt;br /&gt;       Secara teori tiap RF carrier dapat melayani 8 panggilan secara serempak, tetapi karena adanya pensinyalan jaringan maka dapat mengurangi jumlah 8 itu menjadi 6 atau 7 timeslot per RF carrier yang dapat digunakan untuk melayani panggilan secara serempak.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4785638879264048981?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4785638879264048981/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4785638879264048981&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4785638879264048981'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4785638879264048981'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/03/gsm.html' title='GSM'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3366539608966574661</id><published>2009-03-03T23:40:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2011-10-08T09:30:42.644+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='GSM overview'/><title type='text'>Handover, Soft Handoff, Softer Handoff</title><content type='html'>Teman-teman mungkin sudah tahu perbedaan cell reselection, handoff/hard handoff, soft handoff, dan softer handoff namun ternyata banyak juga yang belum mengetahuinya. Sedikit dituangkan disini :&lt;br /&gt;&amp;lt;--&amp;gt; &lt;b&gt;Cell Reselection&lt;/b&gt; adalah perpindahan Mobile Station (MS) dari BTS / cell satu ke BTS lainnya dalam keadaan idle ---&amp;gt; standby (tidak sedang melakukan/menerima panggilan ataupun juga tidak sedang mengirim sms). MS terus melakukan pengukuran untuk mencari mana sel yang terbaik melayaninya. &lt;br /&gt;&amp;lt;--&amp;gt; &lt;b&gt;Handoff&lt;/b&gt; atau &lt;b&gt;handover&lt;/b&gt; dan juga disebut hard handoff adalah perpindahan MS dari BTS ke BTS lainnya namun kali ini dalam keadaan MS sedang melakukan atau menerima panggilan. (istilahnya call attempt hingga established). Perpindahannya bisa dalam BSC yang sama (disebut juga intra BSC handover) maupun pada BSC yg berlainan (disebut inter BSC handover).&lt;br /&gt;&amp;lt;--&amp;gt; &lt;b&gt;Soft handoff&lt;/b&gt; adalah sama pengertiannya dengan hard handoff namun bedanya terletak di sel yang melayani MS tsb. Di hard handoff ada istilah namanya &lt;i&gt;break before make&lt;/i&gt;, maksudnya sel yang melayani MS yg ingin pindah sel itu, memutuskan layanannya tsb sesaat sebelum MS itu berpindah ke sel/BTS yang baru (namun kita tidak merasakannya). Sedangkan pada &lt;b&gt;soft handoff&lt;/b&gt;(ini pada teknologi yang menggunakan CDMA), MS yang ingin berpindah itu tetap dilayani oleh sel sebelumnya hingga sampai benar-benar sudah dilayani oleh sel yang baru dan mencapai nilai threshold min di sel sebelumnya.. Sehingga istilahnya make before break gitu.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;lt;--&amp;gt; Lalu apa &lt;b&gt;softer handoff&lt;/b&gt;? hihi jd inget ada dosen yg bilang mungkin karena ada "ter" jadi lebuh baik dari soft. Padahal sih perbedaannya hanya di Intra dan Inter....&lt;br /&gt;masih inget bukan tmn? yup tpatnya perpindahannya itu antar BSC/MSC yg sama atau berlainan. Yg softer istilah buat yang inter sedangkan yg soft (tanpa -er) buat yg intra. CMIIW...&lt;br /&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;update :&lt;br /&gt;Soft HO &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; = perpindahan antar sel satu dengan sel lainnya dalam site berlainan&lt;br /&gt;Softer HO = perpindahan antar sel satu dengan sel lainnya dalam 1 site yang sama &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3366539608966574661?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3366539608966574661/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3366539608966574661&amp;isPopup=true' title='6 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3366539608966574661'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3366539608966574661'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/03/handover-soft-handoff-softer-handoff.html' title='Handover, Soft Handoff, Softer Handoff'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-6467242629701146911</id><published>2009-03-03T21:28:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-03-03T21:49:51.677+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>NOKIA 5500</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/Sa1DW-qI98I/AAAAAAAAAEo/X4HgRduLAaM/s1600-h/nokia_5500_cell_phone_fcc.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 282px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/Sa1DW-qI98I/AAAAAAAAAEo/X4HgRduLAaM/s320/nokia_5500_cell_phone_fcc.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5308973597795612610" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Friends, kali ini iseng mau mereview tentang HP Nokia tipe 5500. Tipe ini memang sudah lama, pertama kali keluar kalo ga slh thn 2004/2005. Bentuknya terlihat sporty berwarna hitam dengan sisi di pinggirnya berwarna abu". Yup karena memang tipenya bernama 5500 sport maka ia mengusung fitur sport yakni dapat menghitung gerakan kita entah itu berjalan kaki maupun berlari dan tentunya dilengkapi dengan stopwatch. Kamera 2MP dan tahan banting karena sisi"nya terbuat dari karet. Ada juga fitur pembaca SMS hehe ini yg lucu, karena kalau kata"nya disingkat jd terdengar aneh bahasanya. Yg unik lagi jika kita ingin mengganti lagu atau siaran radio, dan mendengar sms, kita tinggal menepuk bagian tengah atau pinggir dari body HP ini. Soal ketahanan, HP ini baik karena saya msh menggunakannya 4 tahun lbh tanpa masalah. Hanya saja jika memory cardnya sdh hmpir penuh maka dapat membuat lambat dalam membuka text dan menulis sms. Saat ini pasti jarang orang yang memilikinya, karena iklannya pun jg cm sekilas. Overall HP ini layak dimiliki oleh kaum muda yg sporty dan menginginkan harga terjangkau serta fitur transfer yg lengkap spt infrared dan bluetooth.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-6467242629701146911?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/6467242629701146911/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=6467242629701146911&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6467242629701146911'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6467242629701146911'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/03/nokia-5500.html' title='NOKIA 5500'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/Sa1DW-qI98I/AAAAAAAAAEo/X4HgRduLAaM/s72-c/nokia_5500_cell_phone_fcc.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3228081261668669011</id><published>2009-02-26T00:17:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-26T17:37:05.582+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='KPI and Optim'/><title type='text'>Sedikit ttg optim 2</title><content type='html'>TRFHOE=TRUE :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Range TRUE, FALSE&lt;br /&gt;Default  FALSE&lt;br /&gt;Objectnya HAND (BASICS)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Traffic Handover Enabled,  parameter ini enable atau memungkinkan fitur Handover disebabkan oleh criteria manajemen resource atau singkatnya disebut juga sebagai traffic handover. Jika fitur ini di"enable"kan maka BSC akan mencek situasi traffic load di sel tsb . Bila traffic load melebihi threshold TRFHITH , BSC enable traffic handover di BTS dengan mengirimkan pesan SET ATTRIBUTE dengan indikasi traffic handover ke BTS via link LPDLM (lihat pengertian LPDLM di posting yg lalu).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;HOLTHLVDL=10  :&lt;br /&gt;Handover lower threshold level downlink &lt;br /&gt;Object HAND&lt;br /&gt;Range 0-63&lt;br /&gt;Default 10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mendefinisikan threshold dari level sinyal yang diterima / Rxlev pada downlink untuk keputusan inter cell handover. Parameter ini hanya relevan jika RXLEVHO = TRUE (intercell handover is enable)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;RXLEVMIN=12   :&lt;br /&gt;RX Level Minimum&lt;br /&gt;Object ADJC&lt;br /&gt;Range 0-63&lt;br /&gt;Default 12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parameter ini menentukan pada Rx Lev minimum berapa suatu MS dapat melakukan handover ke adjacent cellnya. Semakin tinggi diset nilainya maka smakin lebih cepat dia akan handover ke adjnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;HOM=69  :&lt;br /&gt;Handover Margin&lt;br /&gt;Object ADJC3&lt;br /&gt;Range 0-126&lt;br /&gt;Default 69&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Handover margin for 2G-3G better cell handover , ini untuk mencegah terjadinya ping pong handover antar 2 sel. Parameter ini juga mendefinisikan cell yang lebih baik dari 2G ke 3G.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CRESOFF=1  :&lt;br /&gt;Cell reselection offset&lt;br /&gt;Objectnya&lt;br /&gt;Range 0-63&lt;br /&gt;Default 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ini dibutuhkan sebagai input dari nilai untuk kalkulasi  C2. Parameter ini hanya diset jika CRESPARI diset 1. Sepertinya berhubungan dengan cell reselection yaitu saat MS idle yah, tapi C2nya itu apa ya?  Tuh udh kejawab di bawah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CRESPARI=1 &lt;br /&gt;object: BTS [BASICS]&lt;br /&gt;range:  0=C2 parameters not present&lt;br /&gt; 1=C2 parameters present&lt;br /&gt;default:1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cell reselection parameter indicator, indikasikan kehadiran C2 (parameter reselection di BCCH) pada IE 'SI 4 Rest Octets'&lt;br /&gt;(SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 4) and the IE 'SI 3 Rest Octets'&lt;br /&gt;(SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 3); 0=not present, 1=present. C2 berguna buat konfigurasi microcell selama utk mencegah perpindahan cepat MS dan membuat terjadinya cell reselection yang tidak perlu.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3228081261668669011?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3228081261668669011/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3228081261668669011&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3228081261668669011'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3228081261668669011'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/02/sedikit-ttg-optim-2.html' title='Sedikit ttg optim 2'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-6170562930841511476</id><published>2009-02-26T00:04:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-26T00:17:14.871+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='KPI and Optim'/><title type='text'>Sedikit ttg optim</title><content type='html'>Hari ini saya kembali berolahraga kembali di kampus sepulang kerja. Lumayan juga setelah lama kurang berolahraga karena rutinitas dan rasa malas sehari-hari. O yah kemarin pagi saya mencoba mencari tahu tentang parameter optim yang ada di teknologi seluler 2G. Kurang begitu mengerti sekali ttg itu (secara ku blm pernah berhubungan langsung atau mempunyai pengalaman optim sebelumnya). Hmm baiklah saya coba menulis sedikit tentang &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;parameter&lt;/span&gt; optim yang saya ketahui..yakni sbb :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;HRACTT1 :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bernilai rangenya 1 – 10000 dengan default 6000&lt;br /&gt;Bentuknya sbb: HRACTT1=6000&lt;br /&gt;Objectnya BTS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Half Rate Activation Threshold 1, Parameter ini mendefinisikan threshold yang digunakan oleh fitur” : Cell Load Dependent Activation of Half Rate dan Load-dependent AMR compression handover.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) Cell Load Dependent Activation of Half Rate           &lt;br /&gt;fitur ini diaplikasikan bila parameter EHRACT diset ke TRUE . Pada kasus ini, HRACTT1 mendefinisikan sebuah threshold load trafik yang dievaluasi untuk pemilihan versi forced speech utk incoming non-AMR TCH seizures. BSC membandingkan HRACTT1 dengan persen busy TCH (berhubungan dengan TCH yg available) dalam :&lt;br /&gt;-semua TRX / service layer yang tmsk dlm SLL untuk standard cell&lt;br /&gt;-semua TRX / service layer yang tmsk dlm SLL untuk concentric cell&lt;br /&gt;-semua TRX / service layer yang tmsk dlm SLL untuk extended cell&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) Load-dependent AMR compression handover         tujuannya untuk mengkompres handover. Dalam kasus TCH load tinggi untuk mentransfer EFR call dengan quality radio link yang baik ke HR TCH dengan intrasel handover agar mencegah terjadinya TCH Blocking dengan menyediakan tambahan TCH resources. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;RXLEVAMI=6  :&lt;br /&gt;Default 6&lt;br /&gt;Objectnya BTS&lt;br /&gt;Range 0-63  0=less than -110 dbm&lt;br /&gt;   1= -110 dbm to -109 dbm&lt;br /&gt;   2= -109 dbm to -108 dbm&lt;br /&gt;   ………..&lt;br /&gt;   62 = -49 dbm to -48 dbm&lt;br /&gt;   63 = greater than -48 dbm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parameter ini mendefinisikan minimum DL receive level ,MS harus menerima dari sel yang melayani agar diijinkan mengakses jaringan via RACH. Menset RXLEVAMI ke nilai yang tinggi artinya yaitu hanya MS” tsb yang mencoba mengakses sel dimana lokasinya terdapat kondisi coverage yang baik. Jadi jumlah permintaan handover dpt berkurang. Parameter ini dikirim lewat BCCH&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-6170562930841511476?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/6170562930841511476/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=6170562930841511476&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6170562930841511476'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6170562930841511476'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/02/sedikit-ttg-optim.html' title='Sedikit ttg optim'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-1597002674637439372</id><published>2009-01-23T23:18:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-01-23T23:28:24.576+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='QoS'/><title type='text'>Kuliah QoS dalam telekomunikasi</title><content type='html'>Kepuasan pelanggan :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Ekspektasi dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu prediksi yang dibuat pelanggan tentang apa yang kemungkinan akan terjadi selama mengkonsumsi produk tertentu&lt;br /&gt;-Hal ini dapat sangat berbeda dari pandangan sipembuat barang atau penyedia jasa&lt;br /&gt;-Kualitas akan didasarkan pada perspektif mereka tentang penawaran produk&lt;br /&gt;-Yang terpenting adalah evaluasi dari kualitas yang dilakukan oleh pelanggan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Evaluasi ini menggambarkan tentang persepsi dan ekspektasi dan sekaligus memperkuat pendapat dari Gronroos dalam mendefinisikan kualitas yang tercakup dalam lingkungan jasa sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;      Quality = Costumers’ expectations (E) – customers’ perception (P)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Kepuasan para pelanggan hanya akan tergantung dari ukuran dan arah diskonfirmasi&lt;br /&gt;-&lt;br /&gt;Jika “yang dirasakan” lebih besar dari pada “yang diharapkan” ( P &gt; E ), para pelanggan akan merasa puas&lt;br /&gt;nJika “yang dirasakan” sama dengan “yang diharapakan” ( P~E ) , para pelanggan akan merasa netral&lt;br /&gt;nJika “yang dirasakan” kurang dari pada “yang diharapkan” ( P &lt; E ), maka para pelanggan akan merasa tidak puas&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-1597002674637439372?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/1597002674637439372/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=1597002674637439372&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1597002674637439372'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1597002674637439372'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2009/01/kuliah-qos-dalam-telekomunikasi.html' title='Kuliah QoS dalam telekomunikasi'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4632939889029279923</id><published>2008-11-27T13:44:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-29T22:31:28.955+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><title type='text'>Cari Tahu Siapa PCMB &amp; PCML</title><content type='html'>Hari ini aku melewati jalan baru yang lebih cepat dari rumah menuju kantor di pancoran. Pada awalnya sama yaitu pk 08.00 aku melewati pasar cipulir yang macet itu trus ke arah blok M menuju RSPP nah dari situ pointnya aku ambil ke arah jalan Gunawarman (terdengar asing bagiku)..tp aku coba aja tancap gas trussss sampai akhirnya bertemu dengan apotik Senopati, lalu tembus-tembusnya ke tarki, Trans TV dan menaiki jembatan hingga sampai juga ke Pancoran he2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kali ini mau nulis ttg PCMB dan PCML ah...&lt;br /&gt;PCMB adalah link PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) di Abis Interface (interface antara BTS dengan BSC). Rangenya dari 0 - 117 dan utk eBSC dari 0 - 669&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PCML adalah link PCM juga, yang mengindentifikasikan physical LICD board dan port dimana PCMB terhubung. (LICD blm ngerti jg pastinya, dia punya port jg atw disebut jg PCM interface boards)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;aduh dah ngantuk nulisnya n mau siap"kul dlu ...bersambung saja klo bgitu..&lt;br /&gt;*******lanjut, nilai pcmb ternyata linknya saja, seperti yg sdh disebutkan di atas bernilai 0-117&lt;br /&gt;sedangkan pcml = port dari pcmb tu terhubung, ditunjukan dengan nilai contoh 1-2b, 3-2a, dll&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4632939889029279923?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4632939889029279923/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4632939889029279923&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4632939889029279923'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4632939889029279923'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/11/cari-tahu-siapa-pcmb-pcml.html' title='Cari Tahu Siapa PCMB &amp; PCML'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-8297384269375927451</id><published>2008-11-24T22:13:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-24T22:33:09.329+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>Sehari dua hari kemarin</title><content type='html'>Kemarin minggu badan ini trasa berat dan lelah, ga tw kenapa pdhal pagi"nya bisa bersih"rumah. Sabtunya ngapain ya ?? oh iya bis sorenya dtg ke swable mendengarkan laporan si super kecil bawel itu, lalu stelah magrib kami mkn pempek di dekat McD perempatan pesanggrahan. Selesainya aku ke giant ciledug mencari toolbox bwt peralatan bokap yang terlihat berantakan di rumah.&lt;br /&gt;Tapi ternyata aku ngga cm bli itu, dari pengaman laptop,tang, baut, snack, sampai pengharum ruangan pun aku ambil...hihihi :) &lt;br /&gt;O iya disela" waktu itu aku mnerima telepon dari si caddie nenny yang menanyakan saluname yang salah dari DBCR (Database Change Request) site yang sudah aku buat. "hmm salah dimana nen?? kan yg belakangnya 000 (o 3x kan)?"  tanya aku.&lt;br /&gt;Ia menjawab : "iya udah kaya gitu tapi terdeteksi double di toolsnya"..&lt;br /&gt;hmm padahal site ID udah sesuai dengan yg ditentukan, jadi ga mungkin salah dan aku sdh cek di DB aku klo site ID tersebut tidak ada yg punya lagi. hmm berarti toolsnya lagi ngambek tuh ma kamu hahahahhaha. :P&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-8297384269375927451?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/8297384269375927451/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=8297384269375927451&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8297384269375927451'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8297384269375927451'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/11/sehari-dua-hari-kemarin.html' title='Sehari dua hari kemarin'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4700013894614175521</id><published>2008-10-06T21:07:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-10-06T21:08:48.006+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>IN dan prepaid charging</title><content type='html'>Sumber :&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ejlp12 @yahoo.co&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;m&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;p&gt;Kalau saya lihat bagaimana IN digunakan di jaringan telekomunikasi di Indonesia ini maka saya lihat IN cenderung identik dengan prepaid charging yaitu tempat dimana rating dilakukan untuk pelanggan prabayar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fungsi utama IN adalah sebagai &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;SCP (Service Control Point)&lt;/span&gt; yaitu sebagai otak dimana eksekusi logic untuk pengontrol call berlangsung. Lalu darimana asal mula IN digunakan sebagai element rating/charging untuk pelanggan prabayar?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fitur online charging mulai ada dalam spesifikasi CAMEL 2 oleh sebab itu fungsi rating (penentuan biaya panggilan) dapat dilakukan secara internal yaitu pada mesin IN itu sendiri maupun secara eksternal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ETSI European Norm (EN) 301 140-1 (‘Capability Set 2’, CS2) yang merupakan induk dari CAMEL mendefinisikan sebuah elemen bernama &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;SDP (Service Data Point)&lt;/span&gt; yang berisi tabel call rating atau inforamsi account pelanggan. Jadi rating call tiap pelanggan dilakukan dengan cara mengambil informasi rating yang spesifik untuk pelanggan tersebut dari SDP. SDP dapat terintegrasi dalam IN atau merupakan elemen yang terpisah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bagaimana integrasi antara SDP dengan SCP tidak didefinisikan pada ETSI EN 301 140-1 maupun pada CAMEL sehingga biasanya integration point ini menggunakan protokol yang dibuat sendiri oleh vendor produk IN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kadang menjadi salah kaprah bahwa rating/charging yang dilakukan di IN hanya bisa digunakan untuk pelanggan prabayar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4700013894614175521?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4700013894614175521/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4700013894614175521&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4700013894614175521'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4700013894614175521'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/10/in-dan-prepaid-charging.html' title='IN dan prepaid charging'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-9110453963444075646</id><published>2008-10-06T21:01:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-10-06T21:02:25.996+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Protocol'/><title type='text'>Protokol manajemen jaringan</title><content type='html'>Sumber : &lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ejlp12 @yahoo.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;Manajemen jaringan atau manajemen elemen pada jaringan telekomunikasi merupakan hal yang amat penting karena jaringan telekomunikasi dituntut untuk dapat melayani terus-menerus. Ketika saya mulai memasuki dunia telekomunikasi, saya baru mendapatkan sistem-sistem yang hampir selalu dirancang dengan &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;high availability&lt;/span&gt; dan &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;service availability&lt;/span&gt; yang tinggi. Kondisi tersebut dicapai dengan cara rancangan yang memperhatikan high availability baik pada elemen hardware maupun software. Selain itu keadaan elemen harus selalu dimonitor untuk mengetahui akan &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;performansi elemen&lt;/span&gt; agar kesalahan (fault) maupun kondisi yang tidak diinginkan pada sistem dapat diketahui dengan cepat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut pengalaman saya, protokol yang paling sering digunakan untuk memonitor elemen pada jaringan telekomunikasi adalah &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNMP"&gt;SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)&lt;/a&gt;. SNMP biasanya digunakan untuk memonitor performansi hardware seperti pengguaan CPU, memory, disk, serta parameter-parameter performansi dalam sistem (software) misalnya besarnya queue yang terpakai, penggunaan lisensi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Mengapa SNMP?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alasan mengapa SNMP banyak digunakan adalah karena SNMP adalah standar protokol yang memang dirancang untuk memanajemen jaringan dan SNMP merupakan protokol manajemen yang sederhana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sederhana tidak berarti mudah, SNMP cukup kompleks dan perlu tenaga yang lebih untuk mempelajari secara detail protokol ini terutama untuk mempelajari &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_Management_Information"&gt;Structure of Management Information (SMI)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;CMIP: Protokol standar manajemen untuk  elemen telekomunikasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SNMP bukan satu-satunya protokol yang bisa digunakan untuk keperluan manajemen jaringan seperti monitoring dan pengiriman alarm dan pengubahan parameter. Protokol yang telah menjadi standar untuk jaringan telekomunikasi adalah &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_management_information_protocol"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; yang dibuat oleh ISO yang kemudian diadopsi sebagai standar oleh organisasi telekomunikasi dunia ITU-T yang dispesifikasikan pada &lt;a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X/en"&gt;recommendation series X.700&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Konsep CMIP hampir sama dengan SNMP tetapi CMIP memiliki lebih banyak fitur seperti authorization, access control,reporting yang lebih flexible, mendukung segala jenis tipe action.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.3gpp.org/"&gt;3GPP&lt;/a&gt;, organisasi yang membuat standarisasi untuk jaringan GSM/UMTS/IMS/LTE juga menggunakan CMIP sebagai protokol manajemen jaringan (Lihat beberapa spesifikasi tentang Solution Set untuk Integration Reference Point pada &lt;a href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/32-series.htm"&gt;seri 32&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Walaupun CMIP merupakan standar protokol yang diratifikasi oleh banyak organisasi telekomunikasi berkelas global tetapi pada kenyataannya SNMP masih lebih sering digunakan di jaringan operator.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Protokol lain yang didesain untuk manajemen jaringan misalnya:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Language_1"&gt;TL1 (Transaction Language 1)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMX"&gt;Java Management eXtensions (JMX)&lt;/a&gt; yang dispesifikasikan pada &lt;a href="http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=3"&gt;JSR-3&lt;/a&gt; (JMX 1.X), &lt;a href="http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=255"&gt;JSR-255&lt;/a&gt; (JMX 2.X), &lt;a href="http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=160"&gt; JSR-160&lt;/a&gt; (JMX Remote API)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=wsdm#overview"&gt;Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM)&lt;/a&gt;  yang dibuat OASIS&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dmtf.org/standards/wsman/"&gt;WS-Management&lt;/a&gt; yang dibuat DMTF&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation"&gt;WMI (Windows Management Instrumentation)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; Selain protokol-protokol tersebut kadang vendor juga menggunakan protokol sendiri atau menggunakan protokol yang umum seperti &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA"&gt;CORBA&lt;/a&gt;, HTTP.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-9110453963444075646?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/9110453963444075646/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=9110453963444075646&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/9110453963444075646'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/9110453963444075646'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/10/protokol-manajemen-jaringan_06.html' title='Protokol manajemen jaringan'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3675149016038823606</id><published>2008-07-31T13:53:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-08-13T14:34:10.250+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Serba serbi (transmisi dll)'/><title type='text'>Just remind me</title><content type='html'>Jenis STM itu yaitu adalah:&lt;br /&gt;STM-1 (63E1),&lt;br /&gt;STM-4 (2x lipat STM-1 yaitu 126E1 + 2 signalling)&lt;br /&gt;STM-16&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Space Diversity di antena untuk meningkatkan uplink quality, digunakan terutama jika link berjarak jauh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Utilisasi adalah perbandingan antara trafik actual yang ada di lapangan dengan kapasitas maksimum dari TRX di BTS menghandle suatu trafik.&lt;br /&gt;Blocking tinggi dapat menyebabkan utilisasi rendah.&lt;br /&gt;Trafik Normalisasi Blocking digunakan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan akan dipasang berapa TRX dalam menghandle suatu trafik. Misal ada trafik 10 Erlang dengan blocking 20%, lalu kalikan trafik itu dgn blocking sehingga mjd 2 erlang dan trafik mjd 12 erlang..nah dr 12 erlang itu bisa diketahui berapa trx yg dibutuhkan utk mengakomodir trafik di daerah itu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trafik blocking rate without DR maksudnya adalah trafik yang benar"terblok tanpa Directed Retry (DR) , artinya trafik yang dialihkan ke site lain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Site ID GSM900 sel indoor ada unsurnya "i", sedangkan DCS ada unsur "x"nya(itu klo di Tsel sih,hehehe). Kalau ubah GSM ke DCS atau istilahnya swap band misal dari GSM ke DCS, maka perlu diperhatikan apakah LAC dan CI-nya berubah atau tetap, dan juga NEid-nya diubah atw tidak.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3675149016038823606?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3675149016038823606/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3675149016038823606&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3675149016038823606'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3675149016038823606'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/07/just-remind-me.html' title='Just remind me'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7624546371092733069</id><published>2008-07-26T19:58:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-12-11T16:49:19.659+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='GSM overview'/><title type='text'>Bagan-bagan GSM</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SIshw64NmMI/AAAAAAAAADs/eyYlyCuh_QQ/s1600-h/Capture_3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SIshw64NmMI/AAAAAAAAADs/eyYlyCuh_QQ/s400/Capture_3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5227308916816058562" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SIsgGlv3yXI/AAAAAAAAADk/H-AL09lll8Y/s1600-h/Capture_2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 398px; height: 326px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SIsgGlv3yXI/AAAAAAAAADk/H-AL09lll8Y/s400/Capture_2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5227307090077796722" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"&gt;  &lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"&gt;  &lt;o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"&gt; &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:495pt;"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ryan\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg" title="Capture_2"&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7624546371092733069?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7624546371092733069/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7624546371092733069&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7624546371092733069'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7624546371092733069'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/07/bagan-bcch.html' title='Bagan-bagan GSM'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SIshw64NmMI/AAAAAAAAADs/eyYlyCuh_QQ/s72-c/Capture_3.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3620696748587862126</id><published>2008-07-24T13:42:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-07-24T13:47:33.408+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='KPI and Optim'/><title type='text'>Drive Test KPI</title><content type='html'>&lt;p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#666666,#999999,#ffcc00,#ff9900,#660066,#999999"&gt;  &lt;/p:colorscheme&gt;&lt;div shape="_x0000_s1026" style=""&gt;  &lt;div class="O1" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 89%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); position: absolute; left: -5.29%; top: -0.08em; font-size: 110%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#666666,#999999,#ffcc00,#ff9900,#660066,#999999"&gt;  &lt;/p:colorscheme&gt;&lt;div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Call Setup Successful Rate (%) = ((Total number of successful &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;b&gt;setup)/(Total number of&lt;span style="width: 32.98%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;calls &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;b&gt;attempt))*100 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;Total number of successful setup = Total number of mobile originating &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;calls that are successfully assigned a traffic channel (TCH). &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;Total number of calls attempt = Total number of times the test mobile &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;attempts to make a mobile originating call.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#666666,#999999,#ffcc00,#ff9900,#660066,#999999"&gt;  &lt;/p:colorscheme&gt;&lt;div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O" style=""&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;Dropped Call Rate, also known as TCH drop rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="EN-GB"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="EN-GB"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dropped Call Rate (%) = ((Call set-up Success) – (number of &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;b&gt;completed calls)) / &lt;span style="width: 16.72%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(Call set-up Success)*100&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;HOSR&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#666666,#999999,#ffcc00,#ff9900,#660066,#999999"&gt;&lt;/p:colorscheme&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Handover Success Rate (%) = ((Total number of successful &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;b&gt;handovers) / (Total &lt;span style="width: 26.26%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;number of handover &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;b&gt;attempts))*100&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#666666,#999999,#ffcc00,#ff9900,#660066,#999999"&gt;&lt;/p:colorscheme&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Handover per call = (Total number of Handover success / total number of call setup success)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O" style=""&gt;    &lt;/div&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;/div&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3620696748587862126?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3620696748587862126/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3620696748587862126&amp;isPopup=true' title='3 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3620696748587862126'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3620696748587862126'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/07/drive-test-kpi.html' title='Drive Test KPI'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7531742599387452691</id><published>2008-07-24T11:30:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-07-24T11:31:38.916+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Drive Test basic'/><title type='text'>Drive Test Troubleshooting</title><content type='html'>Ideally, the drive testers do on site evaluation to decide whether DT result is in acceptable value or not? If the result of dive test is not in acceptable value following step can be done as quick solution:&lt;br /&gt;1. If the RxLevel is bad compared with coverage plot :&lt;br /&gt;- Please describe contour condition. If there’s a hill/valley, trees, building, or any other obstacles take a picture to justify the condition&lt;br /&gt;- Please check the antenna tilting, antenna azimuth and terrain condition. Inform all of this information in DT Report.&lt;br /&gt;2. If sector of site that will be drive tested face to the sea and there is other coverage that face to the sea, dedicated mode must be in locked mode.&lt;br /&gt;3. If the SQI is bad, please check used Speech codec whether it is in FullRate, HalfRate, and EFR. Ideally EFR gives the best SQI value&lt;br /&gt;4. If RxQual is bad, please check whether hopping is active or not from Hopping Channel value in “Current Channel” Window in TEMS. If no hopping is active, there is possibility of Interference on BCCH channel. Do scan channel in idle mode to get info from where interference come from.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7531742599387452691?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7531742599387452691/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7531742599387452691&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7531742599387452691'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7531742599387452691'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/07/drive-test-troubleshooting.html' title='Drive Test Troubleshooting'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-1432993447411246561</id><published>2008-07-20T21:07:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-07-20T21:15:37.603+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Protocol'/><title type='text'>Protocol Definition</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt; Kumpulan dari beberapa aturan yang berhubungan dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=communication"&gt;komunikasi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=data"&gt;data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt; antara beberapa alat komunikasi supaya komunikasi data dapat dilakukan dengan benar. Protocol adalah yang menspesifikasikan secara detail bagaimana &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=computer"&gt;komputer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=interaction"&gt;berinteraksi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;, termasuk didalamnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=format"&gt;format&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=message"&gt;pesan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt; yang mereka tukar dan bagaimana kesalahan ditangani. Hubungan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=telecommunication"&gt;telekomunikasi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;mencerminkan banyak aspek dari protokol dalam arti diplomatik, beberapa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=signal"&gt;sinyal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt; diubah dengan mengirim dan menerima perangkat, misalnya, diistilahkan dengan berjabat tangan dan berkenalan. Tiga aspek utama komunikasi yang diperhatikan oleh protokol adalah: bagaimana data direpresentasikan dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=code"&gt;dikodekan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;, bagaimana ditransmisikan, dan bagaimana kesalahan dan kegagalan diketahui dan ditangani.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;sumber : Kamus Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-1432993447411246561?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/1432993447411246561/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=1432993447411246561&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1432993447411246561'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1432993447411246561'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/07/protocol-definition.html' title='Protocol Definition'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-2805317896857349441</id><published>2008-06-16T15:34:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-07-07T22:19:10.802+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Call Setup'/><title type='text'>Call Setup Process  Part2</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Lanjutan dari yg part 1....&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kemudian MSC memeriksa keabsahan atau auhentication dr pelanggan. Dalam penjelasan ini , pelanggan sudah sah jadi kita akan menskipnya. Setelah itu MSC menginisiasikan chipering dari data yg telah dikirim ke kanal/channel. Channel dichip agar sebisa mungkin dilindungi dari penyadapan. Chipering di radio link dapat dilakukan dlm 3 tahap.&lt;br /&gt;Langkah pertama, BSS mulai mengambil data yg tlah dichip dari mobile tapi ttap melanjutkan pengiriman data secara clear. Selama mobile tidak dinformasikan ttg chipering, semua data yg diterima dari mobile akan eror. BSS mengirimkan CHIPERING MODE COMMAND ke mobile. Mobile akan dapat menerima pesan ini sebagai transmisi dari BSS ttap dlam keadaan clear atw bersih.&lt;br /&gt;Langkah kedua, Mobile menerima pesan dan membolehkan chipering dalam arah transmit dan receive. Ini akan menghasilkan semua data yg diterima BSS eror.(BSS tetap transmit data dalam keadaan clear).  Chipering telah dimungkinkan jadi pesan ini dikirimkan secara chipering. BSS akan menerima pesan ini sebagaimana yg diharapkan akan diterima.&lt;br /&gt;Ketiga dan langkah terakhir berada di dalam chipering handshake. BSS mengijinkan chipering dalam arah pemancar. Dr point ini chipering diijinkan pada kedua arah (pmancar dan penerima).&lt;br /&gt;BSS membalas ke MSC,mengndikasikan bahwa chipering telah sukses (enabled) .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;----------RR Connection Establishment Completed----------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;di point ini koneksi telah disetup antara mobile dengan MSC. Dan selanjutnya BSS akan berfungsi sebagai konduit untuk menstransport pesan signalling antara mobile dgn MSC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-2805317896857349441?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/2805317896857349441/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=2805317896857349441&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2805317896857349441'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2805317896857349441'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/06/call-setup-process-part2.html' title='Call Setup Process  Part2'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-908249444736952671</id><published>2008-06-16T08:58:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-07-07T22:13:50.926+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Call Setup'/><title type='text'>Call Setup Process  Part1</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Sesuai dengan permintaan comment sebelumnya kali ini kita bahas ttg proses call setup atau proses ketika MS menghubungi MS lain (jalur ketika kita menelpon seseorang sampai dapat terkoneksi sehingga kita bisa melakukan sebuah percakapan). Baiklah kita mulai,..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pertama" ketika kita melakukan panggilan dengan menekan sebuah tombol angka"di hp, maka terjadilah yang namanya RR (radio resource) connection establishment, yaitu informasi yang akan kita kirim berupa nomor" itu dikirimkan ke MSC, nah agar dapat dikirim ke MSC maka dibutuhkan RR connection ke MSC. RR connection establishment ini ditrigger/dipacu dengan mengirimkan channel request  message (memakai RACH). Pesan ini lalu request ke BSS agar menyediakan alokasi utk RR utk RR connection setup. Handset/HP kita lalu menunggu assignments di AGCH (Access Grand Channel) dan mendengarkan AGCH utk membalas. BSS mengalokasikan TCH ke handset. Alokasi TCH memberikan frekuensi dan sebuah time slot disana. Setelah handset/mobile menerima pesan ini, mobile hanya menggunakan resource yg spesifik utk berkomunikasi dengan mobile network.&lt;br /&gt; BSS mentransmisikan radio resource assignment ke mobile via AGCH, pesan tsb mengandung time dan frequency corrections. Time correction memungkinkan mobile mentransmisikan tepat pada waktunya agar dapat mencapai BSS tepat hanya pada slot yg sdh disediakan. Pengaturan timing dan frekuensi berdasar advice dari BSS merupakan langkah yg diperlukan agar transmisi dari mobile dapat sampai ke base station pada waktu yg tepat dan frekuensi yg benar. Mobile melakukan tunes (mengatur/menset) kembali dari AGCH dan tunes ke radio channel yg dituju. Ini adalah pesan pertama yg dikirim setelah tuning ke channel. Mobile menginisiasikan LAPm connection dengan BSC dengan mngirimkan pesan sebuah Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM). BSS membalasnya dgn Unnumberred Acknowledge (UA) utk melengkapi LAPm setup handshake (tmn"prnah dger three way handshake ngga?smacam itulah n klo ngga ya hrs paham itu dulu). BSS menerima CM service request message dari mobile dan forms sbuah layer message ke-3(network donk yah). BSS kemudian 'piggy back' ke SCCP connection request message.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" &gt;bersambung dlu ya.........&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-908249444736952671?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/908249444736952671/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=908249444736952671&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/908249444736952671'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/908249444736952671'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/06/call-setup-process-part1.html' title='Call Setup Process  Part1'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-5974003171397370054</id><published>2008-06-05T15:09:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-10-08T10:27:58.161+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RNP'/><title type='text'>bcch freq planning</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;Ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam perencanaan frekuensi BCCH GSM , yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;1. Alokasi frekuensinya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;2. Adjacent dan Co channel interference baik antar site itu sendiri maupun sekitar site&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;3. Prediksi coverage tiap sektor&lt;br /&gt;4. Parameter seperti PA output, tilt, azimuth, cable feeder type and length, height of         antenna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;5. Neighbour dalam proses Handover&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;6. Height profile / Contour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perhatikan alokasi frekuensi yang ada, dataran sekitar site apakah tinggi rendah, interferens dengan frek KAI atau tidak (biasanya utk DCS), kemudian penentuan neigbour apakah saat handover frekuensi yang ada sama atau berdekatan. Usahakan jika masih bisa tdk terjadi adjacent tetapi jika tidak bisa mk dicari kemungkinan yang terbaik atau juga bisa dilakukan retune frekuensi sekitar site. Kemudian hasil perencanaan kita bisa kita lihat dengan planning tool seperti Asset atau Netact.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;Tanya : Terus gimana mas cara nge-plan-nya?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;Jawab : mau tau lebih detil? kirim pesan saja ke saya soalnya perlu waktu lebih menjelaskan gimana teknik-teknik meretune seperti permainan sudoku bahkan bisa jadi lebih sulit dari sudoku hehehe :D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*Glossary :&lt;br /&gt;1. BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) = frekuensi yang dipancarkan secara terus menerus/kontinue dengan daya maksimum dan juga berfungsi sebagai main signalling. Oleh krn itu BCCH tidak dan tdk boleh dihop.&lt;br /&gt;2. Adjacent = berdekatan dlm arti frekuensinya misal arfcn 18 berarti yang adjacent adalah arfcn 17 dan 19&lt;br /&gt;3. Co channel = kanal sama, dalam arti freknya (co channel interference)&lt;br /&gt;4. Coverage = cakupan sinyal dari site&lt;br /&gt;5. PA = Power Amplifier atau juga bisa berupa power dari modul transceiver&lt;br /&gt;6. Retune = tune/atur ulang freknya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-5974003171397370054?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/5974003171397370054/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=5974003171397370054&amp;isPopup=true' title='5 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5974003171397370054'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5974003171397370054'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/06/bcch-freq-planning.html' title='bcch freq planning'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4245987772511242722</id><published>2008-05-28T13:03:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-07-07T22:15:58.758+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Planning'/><title type='text'>Network Planning</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Kali ini bahasan kita adalah tentang Network Planning. Digambarkan seperti sbb...&lt;br /&gt;Proses Network Planning kita bagi menjadi langkah"berikut ini :&lt;br /&gt;1. PRE PLANNING;&lt;br /&gt;- Dimensioning = memberikan konfigurasi awal jaringan sbg hasilnya. Targetnya adl coverage dan quality. Basic input dimensioning yaitu coverage requirement, quality requirement (drop call rate, call blocking), Frequency Spectrum (number of channel including information about possible needed guard bands, subscriber information), Trafik tiap user, busy hour value, services.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. PLANNING;&lt;br /&gt;Memberikan ide awal ttg lokasi dan juga jarak antar sites. Nominal plan adalah titik awal utk survey dan menggunakan planning tool untuk coverage planning.&lt;br /&gt;- Coverage planning&lt;br /&gt;- Capacity planning&lt;br /&gt;- Site Survey&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. DETAILED PLANNING;&lt;br /&gt;Mencakup frekuensi, adjacency, dan parameter planning. Planning tool mempunyai algoritma utk frek planning dan merupakan fase kritikal di network planning. Jumlah frekuensi yg bs digunakan selalu terbatas dan oleh sebab itu tugas disini adalah menemukan kemungkinan solusi terbaik. Neighbour plan dengan melihat 2 site pertama di lingkungan BTS". Untuk Radio Planning tanggung jawabnya adalah mengalokasikan parameter" spt handover control, power control dan menentukan location area lalu set parameternya.&lt;br /&gt;- Frekuensi Planning&lt;br /&gt;- Neighbour Planning&lt;br /&gt;- Parameter Planning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. VERIVICATION &amp;amp; ACCEPTANCE&lt;br /&gt;Coverage,capacity, dan quality yg hrs memenuhi KPI yang ditetapkan sebelum network acceptance. Drive testing juga diperlukan utk verifikasi network functionality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. OPTIMIZATION&lt;br /&gt;Setelah jaringan sudah beroperasi, planning dan optimization blm berakhir karena network optimization adalah proses yang berkelanjutan. Utk optimisasi, input yang dibutuhkan adalah semua informasi ttg jaringan dan statusnya. Statistik jaringan, alarms, dan trafik itu sendiri dimonitor secara baik. proses optimisasi meliputi baik network level measurements dan field test measurements utk menganalisa masalah dan juga mengindikasikan masalah yg berpotensial terjadi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4245987772511242722?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4245987772511242722/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4245987772511242722&amp;isPopup=true' title='4 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4245987772511242722'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4245987772511242722'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/network-planning.html' title='Network Planning'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-797941371118672820</id><published>2008-05-22T20:49:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-12-11T16:49:20.052+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><title type='text'>3G Extension Band</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SDV_IW8KGYI/AAAAAAAAABE/rlCGEbYmwkI/s1600-h/Capture.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SDV_IW8KGYI/AAAAAAAAABE/rlCGEbYmwkI/s200/Capture.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5203204726070057346" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;In order to continue realising these benefits and to accommodate future growth, an issue of&lt;br /&gt;importance to all mobile operators is that of secure and predictable access to spectrum. The&lt;br /&gt;objective of the GSM Association, representing over 650 mobile operators in more than 210&lt;br /&gt;countries and territories, is to guarantee the use of 2.5GHz as an extension band for 3GSM and&lt;br /&gt;to ensure its global availability.&lt;br /&gt;Governments and Regulators are under increasing pressure to liberalise the allocation of&lt;br /&gt;wireless service licences and allocate spectrum, previously identified with a particular type of&lt;br /&gt;service, to new services that are being introduced on a fragmented basis. If followed without&lt;br /&gt;international coordination, such policies will destroy the major benefits of global mobile&lt;br /&gt;interoperability, including roaming and scale economies. In particular, Regulators may&lt;br /&gt;permit the 3G extension bands to be used in a manner inconsistent with a harmonised and&lt;br /&gt;structured band plan.&lt;br /&gt;GSMA Policy Positions&lt;br /&gt;Mobile services have transformed economies in every part of the world,&lt;br /&gt;with global penetration of mobile subscribers now exceeding that of fixed&lt;br /&gt;lines in most regions. The contribution of the mobile industry to national&lt;br /&gt;GDP, employment and government revenue is substantial in the vast&lt;br /&gt;majority of countries around the globe.&lt;br /&gt;3G WCDMA is a proven standard with over 20 million users across 70 networks in 32 countries.&lt;br /&gt;Governments should, in parallel with operators, invest in the long-term future of 3GSM&lt;br /&gt;networks and ensure that capacity for growth is secured, via the allocated 2500-2690 MHz&lt;br /&gt;"3G Extension Band."&lt;br /&gt;To achieve their full potential, 3GSM networks will need spectrum, in addition to the ITU "Core&lt;br /&gt;Band", in order to provide capacity for:&lt;br /&gt;Increasing numbers of subscribers&lt;br /&gt;Ongoing development of new 3GSM broadband applications&lt;br /&gt;Delivering ubiquitous mobile broadband&lt;br /&gt;This is the same situation as was experienced in the successful growth of 2G networks&lt;br /&gt;To maximize the value to all parties, the GSMA believes that governments should follow the&lt;br /&gt;harmonized and structured channeling arrangements, for the band 2500-2690 MHz,&lt;br /&gt;recommended by the ITU.&lt;br /&gt;The ITU has recommended three options for the 3G extension bands (see illustration below).&lt;br /&gt;The first two options provide structured channeling arrangements. They provide separation of&lt;br /&gt;FDD and TDD blocks and have the advantage of enabling 3GSM to be deployed with minimum&lt;br /&gt;risk of interference. The GSMA supports these first two options.&lt;br /&gt;Structuring the band in this way, within individual countries and/or regions, will encourage&lt;br /&gt;investment in networks and services, through minimizing the risks and costs associated with&lt;br /&gt;interference management.&lt;br /&gt;Harmonising the band plan globally will increase still further the investment incentives and&lt;br /&gt;ensure that economies of scale are maximized.&lt;br /&gt;A harmonized and structured band plan will facilitate seamless roaming and network&lt;br /&gt;interoperability, at a global level.&lt;br /&gt;GSMA Policy Positions continued&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA believes that the adoption of the ITU’s third option and, therefore, the co-existence&lt;br /&gt;of FDD and TDD, across the same band, would have a significant, negative impact on the&lt;br /&gt;efficiency of that band's use. In turn, this would have a negative impact on the future benefits&lt;br /&gt;to consumers from 3GSM mobile broadband.&lt;br /&gt;The co-existence of FDD and TDD, across the band, would permit technologies to be deployed&lt;br /&gt;within the band that could create interference.&lt;br /&gt;Within individual countries, an unstructured band plan would reduce incentives to invest and&lt;br /&gt;increase industry costs.&lt;br /&gt;More broadly, a lack of global commitment to a harmonized and structured band plan would&lt;br /&gt;reduce economies of scale, for both operators and manufacturers. It would increase costs and&lt;br /&gt;result in slower times to market for innovative mobile data services.&lt;br /&gt;In Europe, the ECC has reached the conclusion that the first two options are the most&lt;br /&gt;appropriate. The GSMA supports this conclusion.&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA believes that a harmonized and structured band plan will bring benefits to&lt;br /&gt;consumers, governments and industry, in the form of faster times to market for innovative&lt;br /&gt;services and lower prices due to scale economies. A harmonized plan will also facilitate&lt;br /&gt;seamless roaming and network interoperability, at a global level, and extend the significant&lt;br /&gt;benefits of global 2G roaming to 3G.&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA believes that interference from satellite services could severely affect 3GSM systems&lt;br /&gt;and, in some areas of the world, satellite services are already interfering with the 3G extension&lt;br /&gt;band. It is possible for satellites of one country to interfere with the spectrum of many&lt;br /&gt;neighbouring nations, due to the size of their footprints.&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA recommends that governments introduce policies that only allow satellite systems to&lt;br /&gt;operate, provided they do not cause harmful interference to 3G in the 2.5 to 2.69 GHz band. In&lt;br /&gt;this regard, the GSMA supports the ITU's WRC-07 agenda item 1.9, aimed at reducing the&lt;br /&gt;power of satellite systems in the 3GSM band.&lt;br /&gt;For further information, please contact:&lt;br /&gt;Tom Phillips&lt;br /&gt;Government and Regulatory Affairs Officer, GSM Association&lt;br /&gt;Mobile: +44 (0) 7917 046595&lt;br /&gt;Email: tphillips@gsm.org&lt;br /&gt;GSMA Policy Positions continued&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-797941371118672820?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/797941371118672820/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=797941371118672820&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/797941371118672820'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/797941371118672820'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/3g-extension-band.html' title='3G Extension Band'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SDV_IW8KGYI/AAAAAAAAABE/rlCGEbYmwkI/s72-c/Capture.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-922633869828361538</id><published>2008-05-22T20:46:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-05-22T20:49:44.913+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Spectrum Harmonisation</title><content type='html'>Source : GSM world&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;An important contributor to GSM’s unrivalled success is the global harmonisation of&lt;br /&gt;standards and spectrum bands, resulting in unparalleled co-operation and support between all&lt;br /&gt;those supplying, operating and using the technology. This has enabled manufacturers and networks&lt;br /&gt;to realise significant economies of scale and to offer seamless global roaming&lt;br /&gt;services, to the benefit of consumers worldwide. Harmonisation must be preserved to enable&lt;br /&gt;the global mobile industry to continue delivering the benefits that mobile users have come to&lt;br /&gt;expect and that are valued so highly. The continued economic success of mobile services creates&lt;br /&gt;the climate for future investment in 3GSM technologies, which will deliver still greater&lt;br /&gt;benefits to consumers.&lt;br /&gt;The GSM Association, consisting of over 650 mobile operators and more than 150&lt;br /&gt;manufacturers and suppliers, supports harmonised, open standards and globally coordinated&lt;br /&gt;spectrum bands, in a world of competition among standards.&lt;br /&gt;Today's GSM platform is a uniquely successful wireless technology and&lt;br /&gt;an unprecedented story of global achievement. In less than ten years since&lt;br /&gt;the first GSM network was commercially launched, it has become the&lt;br /&gt;world's leading and fastest growing mobile standard, spanning over 200&lt;br /&gt;countries. Today, GSM technology is used by more than one in six of the&lt;br /&gt;world's population and it is estimated that there are well over 1.25 billion&lt;br /&gt;GSM subscribers today. Beyond GSM, WCDMA and its 3G evolutionary&lt;br /&gt;path (3GSM*) is already in use by more than 70 live networks with over&lt;br /&gt;20 million subscribers in 32 countries and provides a clear evolutionary&lt;br /&gt;path towards full ubiquitous mobile broadband use.&lt;br /&gt;* 3GSM is the collective term for 3G WCDMA technology evolution that includes 3G WCDMA,&lt;br /&gt;‘evolved 3G’ and ‘super 3G.’&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA believes that the harmonisation of standards and frequency bands brings benefits to&lt;br /&gt;consumers and has been a significant factor in the success of the mobile industry. In particular:&lt;br /&gt;Global spectrum planning, led by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), is&lt;br /&gt;of crucial importance and is the best way to secure the cooperation of national&lt;br /&gt;governments and industry in developing harmonised frequency bands.&lt;br /&gt;Industry has proven to be the most effective party for delivering standards&lt;br /&gt;harmonisation.&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA actively supports industry-led standards development bodies such as&lt;br /&gt;3GPP.&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA believes that a level regulatory playing field for licensees who chose the GSM&lt;br /&gt;and/or 3GSM* family of standards, vis a vis licensees that chose other technologies, is&lt;br /&gt;essential in creating a predictable and stable environment that maximises long-term investments&lt;br /&gt;and benefits to consumers. In particular:&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA opposes policies that, in the name of "technology neutrality", discriminate&lt;br /&gt;against GSM and 3GSM*.&lt;br /&gt;Governments and Regulators should be aware of the variety of ways in which&lt;br /&gt;technology bias can be introduced, for example in specifying minimum data rates or&lt;br /&gt;allocating frequencies in amounts of bandwidth and channel definitions that exclude&lt;br /&gt;certain technologies.&lt;br /&gt;The GSMA calls upon Regulators to examine closely their policies regarding technology&lt;br /&gt;neutrality and ensure that opportunities for bias are eliminated and harmonisation&lt;br /&gt;achieved.&lt;br /&gt;GSMA Policy Positions&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-922633869828361538?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/922633869828361538/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=922633869828361538&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/922633869828361538'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/922633869828361538'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/spectrum-harmonisation.html' title='Spectrum Harmonisation'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-5484050155723314283</id><published>2008-05-15T14:10:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-05-15T14:11:03.317+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Bridging the optimization gap</title><content type='html'>sumber: ericsson&lt;br /&gt;TEMS Visualization is revolutionizing the way network operators troubleshoot their Ericsson networks. Ericsson's infrastructure customers now can find problems that were impossible to pinpoint before. TEMS Visualization gives them this ability by analyzing the event-based data captured directly from the infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;By analyzing specific network data from the switch, TEMS Visualization bridges the gap between traditional performance management solutions and drive test tools.Use TEMS Visualization to:&lt;br /&gt;Trap, track, reproduce, and eliminate problems that were previously virtually impossible to find&lt;br /&gt;Understand problems by viewing full details of all calls made on an Ericsson network - all calls, all subscribers, all phones&lt;br /&gt;Drill-down into subscriber issues easily using powerful filtering capabilities and fast browsing functions&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-5484050155723314283?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/5484050155723314283/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=5484050155723314283&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5484050155723314283'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/5484050155723314283'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/bridging-optimization-gap.html' title='Bridging the optimization gap'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-1358447791218868526</id><published>2008-05-15T14:01:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-05-15T14:03:52.420+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tems'/><title type='text'>Tems cell planner</title><content type='html'>TEMS™ CellPlanner is Ericsson's advanced tool for design, rollout, and optimization of mobile radio networks. Developed by Ericsson, TEMS CellPlanner provides superior planning and optimization capabilities to save time and money during network deployment of 2G, 2.5G, and 3G networks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TEMS CellPlanner is built on the latest Java platform and is designed for class-leading accuracy and speed in planning and optimization tasks. It is a graphical and easy-to-use PC-based tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TEMS CellPlanner assists the user in performing complex tasks, including network dimensioning, traffic planning, site configuration, frequency, code planning  and Automatic Cell Planning . Features such as accurate network modeling and advanced algorithms make TEMS CellPlanner key to competing successfully in the mobile communications marketplace.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;TEMS CellPlanner provides full support for voice and data services in GSM, WCDMA and WiMAX . It provides support for GPRS and EDGE implemented in GSM systems, HSDPA/EUL(HSUPA)  including the latest release of the HSDPA (phase2) implemented in WCDMA systems, and the PUSC (Partial Usage of Subcarriers) feature in WiMAX.&lt;br /&gt;Use TEMS CellPlanner to:&lt;br /&gt;Plan, design, and optimize networks&lt;br /&gt;Analyze coverage and interference&lt;br /&gt;Plan and optimize  network  with  live  interference and traffic data&lt;br /&gt;Analyze TEMS logfile data and autotune propagation models&lt;br /&gt;Utilize drive test data with the Automatic Measurement Integrator (AMI), which keeps pathloss prediction constantly updated and drive test measurements effectively reused&lt;br /&gt;Optimize inter- and intra-technology neighbor cell relationships&lt;br /&gt;Review network capacity planning and optimization for voice and data services&lt;br /&gt;Create scripts and improve work efficiency&lt;br /&gt;Perform Automatic Frequency Planning (AFP)&lt;br /&gt;Optimize WCDMA networks with Automatic Cell Planning (ACP)&lt;br /&gt;Connect Planning tool and live system using OSS RC WCDMA Interface&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-1358447791218868526?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/1358447791218868526/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=1358447791218868526&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1358447791218868526'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/1358447791218868526'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/tems-cell-planner.html' title='Tems cell planner'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-2643968515805037164</id><published>2008-05-08T12:02:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-07-07T22:20:15.197+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Frekuensi Hopping GSM'/><title type='text'>Frekuensi Hopping di GSM</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Frekuensi Hopping (FH) adalah teknik dimana frekuensi yang digunakan oleh sepasang base station dan mobile station diubah pada interval waktu yang teratur. Setiap burst dalam physical channel akan ditransmisikan pada frekuensi carrier yang berbeda dalam tiap frame TDMA, dan tiap frame TDMA akan ditransmisikan pada frekuensi yang berbeda.&lt;br /&gt;   Namun perlu diingat ada logical channel yang tidak dihopping yaitu kanal BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel), FCH (Frequency Correction Channel), dan SCH (Synchronization Channel) karena kanal ini harus selalu dipancarkan dengan daya maksimum disebabkan merupakan signalling utama.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 0); font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;Parameter FH :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;1. MA (Mobile Allocation) = merupakan sekumpulan daftar frekuensi tertentu yang digunakan dalam hopping sequence. Sekelompok MS ditentukan oleh sebuah MA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. MAI (Mobile Allocation Index) = index pertukaran yang diperoleh dari algoritma FH yang menunjukkan frekuensiaktif hopping dari daftar MA. MAI dikalkulasi oleh BTS dan MS menggunakan HSN, MAIO, dan frame number yang ada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset) = suatu frekuensi offset dalam MA dan berfungsi untuk menunjukkan pada frekuensi mana dalam MA FH tu dimulai. MAIO digunakan untuk menjamin bahwa tiap TCH menggunakan frekuensi berbeda selama proses hopping.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4 Hopping Group = sekumpulan timeslot (RSTL) yang menggunakan MA dan HSN yang sama dalam suatu sel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. HSN (Hopping Sequence Number) = berfungsi untuk menentukan bagaimana sistem pseudorandom akan mulai hopping. Tiap TCH yang berpindah ke frekuensi baru dalam MA, berdasarkan nomor HSNnya. HSN memberikan nomor algoritma untuk mengkalkulasi frekuensi yang akan digunakan untuk mentransmisikan TCH berikutnya dalam MA. Algoritma yang ada sampai dengan 63 algoritma HSN (jenis cyclic = 0 dan random = 1 s.d 63).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. MAIO Step = parameter pilihan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembagian daftar MA yang diperoleh dengan MAIO offset.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 0); font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;METODE HOPPING :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FH pada BSS dapat diimplementasikan menggunakan teknik Baseband Hopping (BB-FH) dan Synthesized Hopping (SFH).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;BB-FH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; , pada baseband semua transceiver beroperasi pada frekuensi yang tetap. FH dihasilkan dengan menswitch burst data baseband secara terus menerus di antara bagian radio TRX/TRU baik uplink maupun downlink. Kekurangannya dalam BB-FH adalah jumlah frekuensi hop yang terbatas pada jumlah TRX/TRU.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:130%;" &gt;SFH &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;, dengan SFH semua transceiver terkecuali BCCH TRX-1, diset untuk mengubah frekuensinya frame per frame sesuai hopping sequence. Jumlah loncatan frekuensi yang melalui channel radio tidak terbatas oleh hardware yang digunakan, namun jumlahnya terbatas pada MA yang dialokasian berapa tergantung jatah dari tiap operator. Oleh karena itu hopping sequence dapat mengikutsertakan lebih banyak frekuensi pada TRX dalam suatu sel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-2643968515805037164?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/2643968515805037164/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=2643968515805037164&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2643968515805037164'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/2643968515805037164'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/frekuensi-hopping-di-gsm.html' title='Frekuensi Hopping di GSM'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-4332905429318375808</id><published>2008-05-08T11:52:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-10-06T21:06:03.839+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='QoS'/><title type='text'>Quality service</title><content type='html'>&lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm; width: 468pt;" valign="top" width="624"&gt;   &lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;    &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;     &lt;td style="padding: 0cm; width: 468pt;" width="624"&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;"&gt;Quality of Service dalam Data Komunikasi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Arif     Hamdani Gunawan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Komunikasi     data merupakan salah satu teknologi telekomunikasi yang berkembang sangat     pesat, khususnya pada implementasi IP. Layanan-layanan yang berbasiskan IP     juga ikut merasakan dampaknya dengan adanya standard-standard yang terus     berkembang pada network layer ini, oleh karena itu komunikasi data juga     mengalami akselerasi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Banyak sekali aplikasi yang     berbasiskan komunikasi data dan saat ini tidak hanya beroperasi di LAN     (Local Area Network), tetapi juga di WAN (Wide Area Network).     Aplikasi-aplikasi terebut membutuhkan suatu tingkat jaminan layanan     (Quality of Service/QoS) untuk dapat beroperasi. Oleh karena itu, QoS sudah     sepatutnya diketahui oleh banyak pihak, seperti penyedia infrastruktur, LAN     administrator, WAN administrator, service provider, yang memang berhubungan     dengan komunikasi data. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Tulisan ini akan mendiskusikan     mengenai konsep dasar dari Quality of Service (QoS), mengapa kita     membutuhkannya dan akan dipaparkan juga mengenai tipe-tipe mekanisme QoS     secara sederhana.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;          &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;               &lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;      &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 225pt;"&gt;       &lt;td style="padding: 0cm; width: 468pt; height: 225pt;" valign="top" width="624"&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Pengertian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;QoS       merupakan terminologi yang digunakan untuk mendefinisikan kemampuan suatu       jaringan untuk menyediakan tingkat jaminan layanan yang berbeda-beda.       Melalui Q0S, seorang network administrator dapat memberikan prioritas       trafik tertentu. Suatu jaringan, mungkin saja terdiri dari satu atau       beberapa teknologi data link layer yang mampu diimplementasikan QoS,       misalnya; Frame Relay, Ethernet, Token Ring, Point-to-Point Protocol       (PPP), HDLC, X.25, ATM, SONET. Setiap teknologi mempunyai karakteristik       yang berbeda-beda yang harus dipertimbangkan ketika mengimplementasikan       QoS. QoS dapat diimplementasikan pada situasi &lt;i&gt;congestion management&lt;/i&gt;       atau &lt;i&gt;congestion avoidance&lt;/i&gt;. Teknik-teknik congestion management       digunakan untuk mengatur dan memberikan prioritas trafik pada jaringan di       mana aplikasi meminta lebih banyak lagi bandwidth daripada yang mampu       disediakan oleh jaringan. Dengan menerapkan prioritas pada berbagai kelas       dari trafik, teknik congestion management akan mengoptimalkan aplikasi       bisnis yang kritis atau delay sensitive untuk dapat beroperasi sebagai       mana mestinya pada lingkungan jaringan yang memiliki kongesti. Adapun       teknik &lt;i&gt;collision avoidance &lt;/i&gt;akan membuat mekanisme teknologi       tersebut menghindari situasi kongesti. Melalui implementasi QoS di       jaringan ini, network administrator akan memiliki fleksibilitas yang       tinggi untuk mengontrol aliran dan kejadian-kejadian yang ada di trafik       pada jaringan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;QoS       merupakan peralatan-peralatan yang tersedia untuk menerapkan berbagai       jaminan, dimana tingkat minimum layanan dapat disediakan. Banyak protokol       dan aplikasi yang tidak begitu sensitif terhadap network congestion. File       Transfer Protocol (FTP) contohnya, mempunyai toleransi yang besar untuk &lt;i&gt;network       delay&lt;/i&gt; dan terbatasnya bandwidth. Di sisi user, kejadian tersebut akan       menyebabkan proses transfer file seperti download atau upload yang       lambat, walaupun mengganggu user, namun kelambatan ini tidak akan       menggagalkan operasi dari aplikasi tersebut. Lain halnya dengan aplikasi-aplikasi       baru sepertiVoice dan Video, yang pada umumnya sensitif terhadap delay.       Jika paket dari voice mengalami proses yang lama untuk sampai ke tujuan,       maka akan dapat merusak Voice yang didengarkan. Dalam hal ini QoS dapat       digunakan untuk menyediakan jaminan layanan untuk aplikasi-aplikasi       tersebut. SNA merupakan salah satu contoh protokol yang sangat sensitif       dengan menggunakan protokol handshake dan biasanya akan melakukan       terminasi dari session jika tidak memperoleh suatu &lt;i&gt;acknowledgement&lt;/i&gt;,       lain halnya dengan TCP/IP. Sehingga dalam kasus ini, memberikan prioritas       pada trafik SNA di atas protokol lainnya akan memberikan QoS yang lebih       baik. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt; beberapa alasan mengapa       kita memerlukan QoS, yaitu: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Untuk memberikan prioritas untuk aplikasi-aplikasi yang kritis       pada jaringan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan investasi jaringan yang sudah       ada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Untuk meningkatkan performansi untuk aplikasi-aplikasi yang       sensitif terhadap delay, seperti Voice dan Video. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Untuk merespon terhadap adanya perubahan-perubahan pada aliran       trafik di jaringan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Point       terakhir nampaknya terasa tidak penting, benarkah demikian? Naptser,       PointCast, World-Wide-Web adalah contoh aplikasi-aplikasi “self-deployed”       yang dapat menyebabkan mimpi buruk bagi network administrator. Tidak       seorang pun pernah merencanakan jalannya Web browsing seperti sekarang       ini, hampir seluruh trafik di Internet membawa prefix “http”. Dengan       adanya perubahan permintaan bandwidth, QoS dapat digunakan untuk menjamin       kualitas layanan, jika beberapa user dalam suatu perusahaan sedang       mendengarkan siaran radio lewat Internet, maka tidak akan memperlambat       trafik penting yang ada ke perusahaan tersebut. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Metode       paling sederhana yang sering digunakan untuk memperoleh performansi yang       lebih baik pada jaringan adalah dengan meminta lebih banyak bandwidth.       Saat ini Gigabit Ethernet dan Optical Networking sudah tersedia.       Peningkatan bandwidth dapat menjadi solusi sementara untuk meningkatkan       kualitas layanan, namun tidak akan dapat untuk menjamin kualitas layanan       seterusnya. Aplikasi-aplikasi yang didukung oleh protokol-protokol yang       ada akan terus meminta bandwidth lagi. Langkah tepat untuk kondisi       demikian adalah menganalisa trafik yang lewat, mengidentifikasi urutan       kepentingan dari protokol dan aplikasi di jaringan, dan menentukan       strategi untuk memberikan prioritas untuk mengakses bandwidth yang       tersedia. QoS akan membuat seorang network administator mengawasi       bandwidth, latency dan jitter, serta memiinimisasi paket yang hilang pada       suatu newtwork, dengan memberikan prioritas pada protokol. Bandwidth       adalah ukuran kapasitas pada suatu jaringan atau link. &lt;i&gt;Latency &lt;/i&gt;adalah       &lt;i&gt;delay &lt;/i&gt;dari suatu paket untuk melewati jaringan. &lt;i&gt;Jitter &lt;/i&gt;adalah       perubahan latency pada suatu periode waktu. Melalui penerapan       teknik-teknik QoS, maka akan dapat dilakukan pengaturan dari ketiga       parameter di atas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Saat       ini di kebanyakan jaringan di perkantoran tidak begitu memperhatikan QoS.       Namun, dengan berkembangnya aplikasi-aplikasi, misalnya mulicast,       streaming multimedia, dan Voice over IP (VoIP) kebutuhan akan QoS akan       semakin terasa. Terlebih lagi aplikasi-aplikasi tersebut terhadap jitter       dan delay dan performansi yang buruk akan sangat terasa pada end user.       Dalam hal ini seorang network administrator dapat melakukan tindakan       manajemen proaktif untuk aplikasi-aplikasi sensitif yang baru dengan       mengaplikasikan teknik-teknik QoS pada jaringan. Penting untuk diketahui,       bahwa QoS bukanlah solusi yang ajaib untuk setiap masalah kongesti,       karena dapat saja solusi terbaik untuk mengatasi &lt;i&gt;congested network &lt;/i&gt;memang       adalah melakukan upgrade pada bandwidth. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Tingkatan QoS &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Terdapat       3 tingkat QoS yang umum dipakai, yaitu &lt;i&gt;best-effort service, integrated       service &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;differentiated service&lt;/i&gt;. Ketiga level tersebut akan       diuraikan lebih detail dibawah ini. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Best-Effort Service &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Best-effort       service digunakan untuk melakukan semua usaha agar dapat mengirimkan       sebuah paket ke suatu tujuan. Penggunakan best-effort service tidak akan       memberikan jaminan agar paket dapat sampai ke tujuan yang dikehendaki.       Sebuah aplikasi dapat mengirimkan data dengan besar yang bebas kapan saja       tanpa harus meminta ijin atau mengirimkan pemberitahuan ke jaringan.       Beberapa aplikasi dapat menggunakan best-effort service, sebagai       contohnya FTP dan HTTP yang dapat mendukung best-effort service tanpa       mengalami permasalahan. Untuk aplikasi-aplikasi yang sensitif terhadap       network delay, fluktuasi bandwidth, dan perubahan kondisi jaringan,       penerapan best-effort service bukanlah suatu tindakan yang bijaksana.       Sebagai contohnya aplikasi telephony pada jaringan yang membutuhkan besar       bandwidth yang tetap, 0agar dapat berfungsi dengan baik; dalam hal ini       penerapan best-effort akan mengakibatkan panggilan telephone gagal atau       terputus. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Integrated Service &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Model       &lt;i&gt;integrated service &lt;/i&gt;menyediakan aplikasi dengan tingkat jaminan       layanan melalui negosiasi parameter-parameter jaringan secara end-to-end.       Aplikasi-aplikasi akan meminta tingkat layanan yang dibutuhkan untuk       dapat beroperasi dan bergantung pada mekanisme QoS untuk menyediakan       sumber daya jaringan yang dimulai sejak permulaan transmisi dari       aplikasi-aplikasi tersebut. Aplikasi tidak akan mengirimkan trafik,       sebelum menerima tanda bahwa jaringan mampu menerima beban yang akan       dikirimkan aplikasi dan juga mampu menyediakan QoS yang diminta secara       end-to-end. Untuk itulah suatu jaringan akan melakukan suatu proses yang       disebut &lt;i&gt;admission control&lt;/i&gt;. Admission control adalah suatu       mekanisme yang mencegah jaringan mengalami &lt;i&gt;over-loaded&lt;/i&gt;. Jika QoS       yang diminta tidak dapat disediakan, maka jaringan tidak akan mengirimkan       tanda ke aplikasi agar dapat memulai untuk mengirimkan data. Jika       aplikasi telah memulai pengiriman data, maka sumber daya pada jaringan       yang sudah dipesan aplikasi&lt;span style=""&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;tersebut akan terus dikelola secara end-to-end sampai aplikasi       tersebut selesai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Cisco       Internetwork Operating System (IOS) mempunyai dua fitur untuk menyediakan       layanan terintegrasi untuk mengawasi beban yang ditanggung di jaringan,       yaitu &lt;i&gt;Resource Reservation Protocol &lt;/i&gt;(RSVP) dan &lt;i&gt;Intelligent       Queuing&lt;/i&gt;. Saat ini RSVP sudah menjadi salah satu standard yang dikeluarkkan       oleh salah satu working group dari Internet Engineering Task Force       (IETF). &lt;i&gt;Intelligent queueing&lt;/i&gt; yang serting digunakan adalah &lt;i&gt;Weighted       fair queuing &lt;/i&gt;(WFQ) dan &lt;i&gt;Weighted Random Early Detection &lt;/i&gt;(WRED).       Penting untuk diketahui bahwa baik RSVP maupun Intelligent Queuing       bukanlah merupakan routing protocol. RSVP akan bekerja sama dengan       routing protocol untuk menentukan jalur yang terbaik di jaringan untuk       dapat diberikan QoS. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Differentiated Service &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Model       terakhir dari QoS adalah model differentiated service. &lt;i&gt;Differentiated       service &lt;/i&gt;menyediakan suatu set perangkat klasifikasi dan mekanisme       antrian terhadap protokol-protokol atau aplikasi-aplikasi dengan       prioritas tertentu di atas jaringan yang berbeda. &lt;i&gt;Differentiated       service&lt;/i&gt; bergantung pada kemampuan &lt;i&gt;edge router &lt;/i&gt;untuk memberikan       klasifikasi dari paket-paket yang berbeda tipenya yang melewati jaringan.       Trafik jaringan dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan alamat jaringan, &lt;i&gt;protocol       &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;port&lt;/i&gt;, ingress interface, atau klasifikasi lainnya selama       masih didukung oleh &lt;i&gt;standard access list &lt;/i&gt;atau &lt;i&gt;extended access       list&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Congestion Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Congestion       management merupakan terminologi umum yang mencakup penggunaan strategi       antrian untuk mengatur situasi di mana permintaan akan bandwidth lebih       besar daripada bandwidth yang dapat disediakan oleh jaringan. Beberapa       teknik congestion management yang sering digunakan adalah: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;First In First Out Queuing (FIFO) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Priority Queuing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Custom Queuing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;" &gt;Priority Queuing       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;dan &lt;i&gt;Custom       Queuing &lt;/i&gt;memerlukan perencanaan dasar untuk implementasi dan       konfigurasi secara benar di router. Perencanaan yang salah bahkan dapat       mengakibatkan terjadinya kongesti. Sedangkan FIFO dan WFQ memerlukan       sedikit konfigurasi, Pada Cisco IOS, secara default WFQ berfungsi pada       link dengan kecepatan E1 (2,048 Mbps) atau di bawahnya; dan secara       default FIFO berfungsi pada link dengan kecepatan di atas kecepatan E1.&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;/p&gt;              &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Konsep Antrian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;       &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Konsep antrian diterapkan       di router dan akan menahan paket di dalam router, sampai dengan sumber       daya yang ada mencukupi untuk mengirimkan paket tersebut. Jika tidak       terdapat kongesti pada router, maka paket akan segera dikirimkan. Antrian       di jaringan dapat dianalogikan dengan sistem pengantrian pembelian karcis       film di bioskop, jika tidak ada orang yang sedang mengantri untuk membeli       tiket, maka kita dapat langsung ke depan untuk membeli tiket tersebut       tanpa harus mengantri, hal ini berarti tidak terjadi kongesti di jaringan. &lt;/span&gt;       &lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Pada router yang       mempunyai FastEthernet LAN dan E1 WAN sangat memungkinkan pada suatu       waktu untuk terjadi antrian, hal ini disebabkan karena kecepatan       interface FastEthernet LAN dengan E1 WAN tidak sama, sering dikenal       dengan istilah speed-match. Speed-match ini bukanlah sesuatu yang mutlak       untuk dihindari pada kondisi ini, kita harus melihat frekuensi dan       potensi speed-match yang menyebabkan terjadinya kongesti pada router.       Namun demikian, pada teknologi switch di data link layer, sedapat mungkin       kita memang menghindari adanya speed-match.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;       &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Leaky Bucket &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;       &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Leaky bucket atau       ember yang bocor adalah konsep dasar untuk dapat mengetahui mengenai       teori antrian. Kucuran air yang menetes atau mengalir ke ember secara       acak dapat dianalogikan sebagai trafik kedatangan yang random. Sedangkan       tetesan air dari ember yang bocor dapat dianalogikan dengan trafik yang       keluar. Jika kucuran air ke dalam ember sangat deras, maka ember akan       tergenang air dianalogikan dengan antrian yang ada. &lt;/span&gt;       &lt;/p&gt;                            &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Bagaimana jika       kucuran air yang ke ember jauh lebih besar daripada tetesan air yang       keluar dari ember? Tentu saja ember akan terisi oleh air. Lantas, apa       yang terjadi jika ember penuh dengan air dan air terus mengucur ke ember?       Tentu saja air akan melimpah. Hal ini juga terjadi di komunikasi data,       jika antrian paket sudah tidak dapat ditangani lagi oleh memori di       router, sedangkan kedatangan paket yang ada masih tetap tinggi, maka akan       ada paket yang ‘melimpah’, karena tidak tertangani. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Network       administrator dapat melakukan konfigurasi dari besarnya antrian yang       dibutuhkan. Pada Cisco IOS,  sudah terdapat suatu default untuk       besar antrian tersebut. Jika paket yang datang lebih besar daripada       kapasitas yang dapat ditangani oleh router, maka router akan melakukan       drop pada paket yang sudah tidak dapat ditanganinya lagi.       Protokol-protokol yang berada di layer atas mendukung pemberitahuan dan       proses re-transmisi untuk mengidentifikasi adanya paket yang drop lalu       melakukan retransmisi. Drop tidak selalu berarti adanya kesalahan pada       jaringan.Sebagai contoh, pada interface FastEthernet dengan kecepatan 100       Mbps yang akan mengirmkan banyak informasi secara cepat ke interface E1       dengan kecepatan 2,048 Mbps. Drop dari paket-paket yang mungkin terjadi       dapat digunakan oleh protokol-protokol yang berada di layer atas untuk       mengurangi kecepatan pengiriman ke router. Beberapa mekanisme QoS seperti       &lt;i&gt;Random Early Detection &lt;/i&gt;(RED) dan &lt;i&gt;Weighted Random Early       Detection &lt;/i&gt;(WRED) mengunakan prinsip-prinsip tersebut untuk mengontrol       tingkat kongesti yang terjadi di jaringan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Drop paket berarti       menuntut adanya retransmisi, dan ini akan menimbulkan suatu fenomena baru       yang dikenal dengan &lt;i&gt;global synchronization&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Global       synchronization &lt;/i&gt;terjadi, karena interaksi dari mekanisme di layer       atas dari TCP/IP, yang disebut dengan &lt;i&gt;sliding window&lt;/i&gt;. Jika       blok-blok data berhasil dikirimkan tanpa adanya error, maka window atau       jendela akan maju ke blok berikutnya, untuk kemudian mengirimkan blok       data selanjutnya, sehingga hal ini dinamakan &lt;i&gt;sliding window&lt;/i&gt;. Jika       error terjadi saat pengiriman, maka window akan bergerak mundur untuk       mengirimkan kembali blok yang mengalami error. Komunikasi ini akan       menggunakan semua bandwidth yang tersedia, di mana dapat menyebabkan       antrian paket menjadi drop. Paket-paket yang mengalami drop       diintepretasikan sebagai &lt;i&gt;transmission error&lt;/i&gt;, yang secara simultan       akan menyebabkan berkurangnya ukuran window untuk pengiriman paket       selanjutnya pada setiap interval. &lt;i&gt;Global synchronization &lt;/i&gt;ini       menyebabkan fluktuasi pada penggunaan jaringan, seperti dapat dilihat       pada gambar berikut ini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;       &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:324pt;height:187.5pt'"&gt;        &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ABS\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.gif" href="http://www.gematel.com/Edisi40/Gambar/analis6.gif"&gt;       &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;                     &lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Penutup &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;       &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Implementasi QoS       sebenarnya merupakan suatu hal yang sederhana pada jaringan komunikasi       data, namun pada kenyataanya QoS merupakan salah satu hal yang paling tidak       diperhatikan. Permasalahan kongesti seringkali dianalogikan kepada       permasalahan bandwidth, dan dijawab dengan peningkatan bandwidth. Dengan       penerapan QoS, maka akan dapat diberikan jaminan layanan kepada aplikasi       yang dijalankan oleh end user. Melalui QoS ini, nantinya juga dapat       dilakukan kontrol dan fungsi manajemen pada jaringan.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;       &lt;/td&gt;      &lt;/tr&gt;     &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p class="MsoBodyText"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-4332905429318375808?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/4332905429318375808/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=4332905429318375808&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4332905429318375808'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/4332905429318375808'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/quality-service.html' title='Quality service'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-7914277967080681181</id><published>2008-05-08T11:49:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-05-08T11:50:09.195+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='CDMA'/><title type='text'>Advantages of CDMA</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;CDMA2000 benefited from the extensive experience acquired through several years of operation of cdmaOne systems. As a result, CDMA2000 is a very efficient and robust technology. Supporting both voice and data, the standard was devised and tested in various spectrum bands, including the new IMT-2000 allocations.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;There is tremendous demand for new services and operators are looking to provide these to many more subscribers at reasonable prices.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The unique features, benefits, and performance of CDMA2000 make it an excellent technology for high-voice capacity and high-speed packet data. The fact that CDMA2000 1X has the ability to support both voice and data services on the same carrier makes it cost effective for wireless operators.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Due to its optimized radio technology, CDMA2000 enables operators to invest in fewer cell sites and deploy them faster, ultimately allowing the service providers to increase their revenues with faster Return On Investment (ROI). Increased revenues, along with a wider array of services, make CDMA2000 the technology of choice for service providers.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Increased Voice Capacity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Voice is the major source of traffic and revenue for wireless operators, but packet data will emerge in coming years as animportant source of incremental revenue. CDMA2000 delivers the highest voice capacity and packet data throughput using the least amount of spectrum for the lowest cost.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;CDMA2000 1X supports 35 traffic channels per sector per RF (26 Erlangs/sector/RF) using the EVRC vocoder, which became commercial in 1999.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Voice capacity improvement in the forward link is attributed to faster power control, lower code rates (1/4 rate), and transmit diversity (for single path Rayleigh fading). In the reverse link, capacity improvement is primarily due to coherent reverse link.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cdg.org/technology/cdma_technology/capacity.asp"&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; for more information on CDMA capacity&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Higher Data Throughput&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Today's commercial CDMA2000 1X networks (phase 1) support a peak data rate of 153.6 kbps. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, commercial in Korea, enables peak rates of up to 2.4 Mbps and CDMA2000 1xEV-DV will be capable of delivering data of 3.09 Mbps.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Frequency Band Flexibility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CDMA2000 can be deployed in all cellular and PCS spectrum. CDMA2000 networks have already been deployed in the 450 MHz, 800 MHz, 1700 MHz, and 1900 MHz bands; deployments in 2100 MHz and other bands are expected in 2004. CDMA2000 can also be implemented in other frequencies such as 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz. The high spectral efficiency of CDMA2000 permits high traffic deployments in any 1.25 MHz channel of spectrum.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Increased Battery Life&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CDMA2000 significantly enhances battery performance. Benefits include:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Quick paging channel operation &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Improved reverse link performance &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;New common channel structure and operation &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Reverse link gated transmission &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;New MAC states for efficient and ubiquitous idle      time operation &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Synchronization&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CDMA2000 is synchronized with the Universal Coordinated Time (UCT). The forward link transmission timing of all CDMA2000 base stations worldwide is synchronized within a few microseconds. Base station synchronization can be achieved through several techniques including self-synchronization, radio beep, or through satellite-based systems such as GPS, Galileo, or GLONASS. Reverse link timing is based on the received timing derived from the first multipath component used by the terminal.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;There are several benefits to having all base stations in a network synchronized:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;The common time reference improves acquisition      of channels and hand-off procedures since there is no time ambiguity when      looking for and adding a new cell in the active set. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;It also enables the system to operate some of      the common channels in soft hand-off, which improves the efficiency of the      common channel operation. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Common network time reference allows      implementation of very efficient "position location" techniques.      &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Power Control&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The basic frame length is 20 ms divided into 16 equal power control groups. In addition, CDMA2000 defines a 5 ms frame structure, essentially to support signaling bursts, as well as 40 and 80 ms frames, which offer additional interleaving depth and diversity gains for data services. Unlike IS-95 where Fast Closed Loop Power Control was applied only to the reverse link, CDMA2000 channels can be power controlled at up to 800 Hz in both the reverse and forward links. The reverse link power control command bits are punctured into the &lt;a href="http://www.cdg.org/technology/3g/#ffch"&gt;F-FCH&lt;/a&gt; or the &lt;a href="http://www.cdg.org/technology/3g/#fdcch"&gt;F-DCCH&lt;/a&gt; (explained in later sections) depending on the service configuration. The forward link power control command bits are punctured in the last quarter of the R-PICH power control slot.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In the reverse link, during gated transmission, the power control rate is reduced to 400 or 200 Hz on both links. The reverse link power control sub-channel may also be divided into two independent power control streams, either both at 400 bps, or one at 200 bps and the other at 600 bps. This allows for independent power control of forward link channels.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to the closed loop power control, the power on the reverse link of CDMA2000 is also controlled through an Open Loop Power Control mechanism. This mechanism inverses the slow fading effect due to path loss and shadowing. It also acts as a safety fuse when the fast power control fails. When the forward link is lost, the closed loop reverse link power control is "freewheeling" and the terminal disruptively interferes with neighboring. In such a case, the open loop reduces the terminal output power and limits the impact to the system. Finally the Outer Loop Power drives the closed loop power control to the desired set point based on error statistics that it collects from the forward link or reverse link. Due to the expanded data rate range and various QoS requirements, different users will have different outer loop thresholds; thus, different users will receive different power levels at the base station. In the reverse link, CDMA2000 defines some nominal gain offsets based on various channel frame format and coding schemes. The remaining differences will be corrected by the outer loop itself.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Soft Hand-off&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even with dedicated channel operation, the terminal keeps searching for new cells as it moves across the network. In addition to the active set, neighbor set, and remaining set, the terminal also maintains a candidate set.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;When a terminal is traveling in a network, the pilot from a new BTS (P2) strength exceeds the minimum threshold TADD for addition in the active set. However, initially its relative contribution to the total received signal strength is not sufficient and the terminal moves P2 to the candidate set. The decision threshold for adding a new pilot to the active set is defined by a linear function of signal strength of the total active set. The network defines the slope and cross point of the function. When strength of P2 is detected to be above the dynamic threshold, the terminal signals this event to the network. The terminal then receives a hand-off direction message from the network requesting the addition of P2 in the active set. The terminal now operates in soft hand-off.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The strength of serving BTS (P1) drops below the active set threshold, meaning P1 contribution to the total received signal strength does not justify the cost of transmitting P1. The terminal starts a hand-off drop timer. The timer expires and the terminal notifies the network that P1 dropped below the threshold. The terminal receives a hand-off message from the network moving P1 from the active set to the candidate set. Then P1 strength drops below TDROP and the terminal starts a hand-off drop timer, which expires after a set time. P1 is then moved from candidate set to neighbor set. This step-by-step procedure with multiple thresholds and timers ensures that the resource is only used when beneficial to the link and pilots are not constantly added and removed from the various lists, therefore limiting the associated signaling.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In addition to intrasystem, intrafrequency monitoring, the network may direct the terminal to look for base stations on a different frequency or a different system. CDMA2000 provides a framework to the terminal in support of the inter- frequency handover measurements consisting of identity and system parameters to be measured. The terminal performs required measurements as allowed by its hardware capability.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;In case of a terminal with dual receiver structure, the measurement can be done in parallel. When a terminal has a single receiver, the channel reception will be interrupted when performing the measurement. In this instance, during the measurement, a certain portion of a frame will be lost. To improve the chance of successful decoding, the terminal is allowed to bias the FL power control loop and boost the RL transmit power before performing the measurement. This method increases the energy per information bit and reduces the risk of losing the link in the interval. Based on measurement reports provided by the terminal, the network then decides whether or not to hand-off a given terminal to a different frequency system. It does not release the resource until it receives confirmation that hand-off was successful or the timer expires. This enables the terminal to come back in case it could not acquire the new frequency or the new system.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transmit Diversity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Transmit diversity consists of de-multiplexing and modulating data into two orthogonal signals, each of them transmitted from a different antenna at the same frequency. The two orthogonal signals are generated using either Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD) or Space-Time Spreading (STS). The receiver reconstructs the original signal using the diversity signals, thus taking advantage of the additional space and/or frequency diversity.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Another transmission option is directive transmission. The base station directs a beam towards a single user or a group of users in a specific location, thus providing space separation in addition to code separation. Depending on the radio environment, transmit diversity techniques may improve the link performance by up to 5 dB.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Voice and Data Channels&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The CDMA2000 forward traffic channel structure may include several physical channels:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;The Fundamental Channel (F-FCH) is equivalent to      functionality Traffic Channel (TCH) for IS-95. It can support data, voice,      or signaling multiplexed with one another at any rate from 750 bps to 14.4      kbps. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;The Supplemental Channel (F-SCH) supports high      rate data services. The network may schedule transmission on the F-SCH on      a frame-by- frame basis, if desired. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102);"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;The Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH) is used      for signaling or bursty data sessions. This channel allows for sending the      signaling information without any impact on the parallel data stream. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The reverse traffic channel structure is similar to the forward traffic channel. It may include R-PICH, a Fundamental Channel (R-FCH), and/or a Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH), and one or several Supplemental Channels (R-SCH). Their functionality and encoding structure is the same as for the forward link with data rates ranging from 1 kbps to 1 Mbps (It is important to note that while the standard supports a maximum data rate of 1 Mbps, existing products are supporting a peak data rate of 307 kbps).&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Traffic Channel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The traffic channel structure and frame format is very flexible. In order to limit the signaling load that would be associated with a full frame format parameter negotiation, CDMA2000 specifies a set of channel configurations. It defines a spreading rate and an associated set of frames for each configuration.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The forward traffic channel always includes either a fundamental channel or a dedicated control channel. The main benefit of this multichannel forward traffic structure is the flexibility to independently set up and tear down new services without any complicated multiplexing reconfiguration or code channel juggling. The structure also allows different hand-off configurations for different channels. For example, the F-DCCH, which carries critical signaling information, may be in soft hand-off, while the associated F-SCH operation could be based on a best cell strategy.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Supplemental Channels&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One key CDMA2000 1X feature is the ability to support both voice and data services on the same carrier. CDMA2000 operates at up to 16 or 32 times the FCH rate-also referred to as 16x or 32x in Release 0 and A, respectively. In contrast to voice calls, the traffic generated by packet data calls is bursty, with small durations of high traffic separated by larger durations of no traffic. It is very inefficient to dedicate a permanent traffic channel to a packet data call. This burstiness impacts the amount of available power to the voice calls, possibly degrading their quality if the system is not engineered correctly. Hence, a key CDMA2000 design issue is assuring that a CDMA channel carrying voice and data calls simultaneously do so with negligible impact to the QoS of both.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Supplemental Channels (SCHs) can be assigned and deassigned at any time by the base station. The SCH has the additional benefit of improved modulation, coding, and power control schemes. This allows a single SCH to provide a data rate of up to 16 FCH in CDMA2000 Release 0 (or 153.6 kbps for Rate Set 1 rates), and up to 32 FCH in CDMA2000 Release A (or 307.2 kbps for Rate Set 1 rates). Note that each sector of a base station may transmit multiple SCHs simultaneously if it has sufficient transmit power and Walsh codes. The CDMA2000 standard limits the number of SCHs a mobile station can support simultaneously to two. This is in addition to the FCH or DCCH, which are set up for the entire duration of the call since they are used to carry signaling and control frames as well as data. Two approaches are possible: individually assigned SCHs, with either finite or infinite assignments, or shared SCHs with infinite assignments.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;For bursty and delay-tolerant traffic, assigning a few scheduled fat pipes is preferable to dedicating many thin or slow pipes. The fat-pipe approach exploits variations in the channel conditions of different users to maximize sector throughput. The more sensitive the traffic becomes to delay, such as voice, the more appropriate the dedicated traffic channel approach becomes.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Turbo Coding&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CDMA2000 provides the option of using either turbo coding or convolutional coding on the forward and reverse SCHs. Both coding schemes are optional for the base station and the mobile station, and the capability of each is communicated through signaling messages prior to the set up of the call. In addition to peak rate increase and improved rate granularity, the major improvement to the traffic channel coding in CDMA2000 is the support of turbo coding at rate 1/2, 1/3, or 1/4. The turbo code is based on 1/8 state parallel structure and can only be used for supplemental channels and frames with more than 360 bits. Turbo coding provides a very efficient scheme for data transmission and leads to better link performance and system capacity improvements. In general, turbo coding provides a performance gain in terms of power savings over convolutional coding. This gain is a function of the data rate, with higher data rates generally providing more turbo coding gain.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-7914277967080681181?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/7914277967080681181/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=7914277967080681181&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7914277967080681181'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/7914277967080681181'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/advantages-of-cdma.html' title='Advantages of CDMA'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-8076284447448682479</id><published>2008-05-08T11:47:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-05-08T11:48:31.170+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Bluetooth</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center"&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 1.2pt;"&gt;   &lt;p style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Arial; color: purple;"&gt;BLUETOOTH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;"Bluetooth" adalah sebuah standart baru yang diluncurkan oleh The Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) pada bulan Mei 1998. The Bluetooth SIG ini terbentuk dari &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;lima&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:City&gt; perusahaan besar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Standart baru dalam wireless networking yang mereka luncurkan pada dasarnya adalah menggunakan hubungan radio jarak dekat atau &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;short-range radio link &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;untuk pertukaran informasi, sehingga hubungan antar hp, mobile PC, PDA, dan lainnya dapat dilakukan tanpa gangguan kabel atau wireless.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tujuan dari peluncuran bluetooth ini adalah untuk mengganti spesifikasi IrDA dari InfraRed pada hp dan peralatan mobile lainnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Ericsson &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;memberikan sumbangan mereka pada teknologi radio,&lt;b&gt;Toshiba&lt;/b&gt; dan &lt;b&gt;IBM&lt;/b&gt; mengembangkan spesifikasi untuk mengintegrasi teknologi "Bluetooth" kedalam peralatan mobile.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Intel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; menyumbangkan keahlian mereka dalam  chip dan software sedangkan &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Nokia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; menyumbangkan keahlian mereka dalam teknologi radio dan mobile handset software. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Banyak perusahaan lain juga diundang untuk mendukung teknologi intinya sehingga diharapkan teknologi ini dapat dipakai dalam banyak peralatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Radio ini akan beroperasi pada  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;2.45 GHz &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;ISM 'free band', yang memungkinkan pengguna internasional dengan peralatan yang dilengkapi dengan"Bluetooth" dapat menggunakan peralatan mereka dimana saja diseluh dunia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;  &lt;hr align="center" color="blue" noshade="noshade" size="1" width="90%"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Sistem Bluetooth:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Beroperasi pada 2.4 GHz Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) band.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Rangenya antara 10m s/d 100m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Menggunakan Frequence Hop (FH) spread spectrum, yang membagi frequency band ke beberapa hop channels.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Dalam sebuah koneksi, radio transceivers hop dari satu channel ke channel lainnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Mendukung sampai dengan 8 peralatan dalam suatu piconet (dua atau lebih unit Bluetooth dalam channel bersamaan).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Keamanan built in..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Omni-directional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Isochronous and asynchronous , integrasi mudah dengan  TCP/IP bagi networking.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;  &lt;hr align="center" color="blue" noshade="noshade" size="1" width="90%"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Penggunaan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;akan menghubungkan ......:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Printers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Mobile Phones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Handsfree Headsets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;LCD projectors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Modems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Wireless LAN devices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Notebooks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Desktop PCs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;PDAs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;dll&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;....satu sama lainnya via Bluetooth short-range radio modules yang ada pada setiap peratan tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-8076284447448682479?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/8076284447448682479/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=8076284447448682479&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8076284447448682479'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8076284447448682479'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/bluetooth.html' title='Bluetooth'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-8656302083991566977</id><published>2008-05-08T11:46:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-05-08T11:47:31.884+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='GPRS'/><title type='text'>GPRS</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-family: Verdana; color: purple;"&gt;GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Teknologi transmisi data GSM berupa &lt;b&gt;GPRS(General Packet Radio Services) &lt;/b&gt;adalah sebuah teknologi yang dipergunakan untuk pelayanan data wireless seperti pada wireless internet atau intranet serta pelayanan multimedia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial;"&gt;Alat komunikasi dengan GSM GPRS mempunyai fasilitas pertukaran data sampai dengan kecepatan 170kbps "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Juga biasanya disebut sebagai &lt;b&gt;GSM-IP&lt;/b&gt;(internet Protocol), karena akan menghubungkan pengguna dengan ISP (Internet Service Provider).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Salah satu keuntungan dari teknologi baru ini adalah, pengguna akan selalu terhubung atau connected. Selalu online, tetapi akan dikenai biaya hanya dari besarnya data yang ditransmisi. Dengan teknologi ini panggilan secara voice dapat dilakukan secara bersamaan dengan transmisi data. Tetapi ini tergantung dari jenis hp yang digunakan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Banyak pembuat hp telah menggunakan teknologi ini pada hpnya. Seperti Erricson, Nokia, Siemens, Sagem, Alcatel, Samsung, Motorola dan sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GPRS merupakan suatu tambahan pelayanan baru pada network yang telah ada. Dengan GPRS , para operator network GSM dapat memberikan pelayanan kompetitif untuk pertukaran data, sehingga melengkapi jasa pelayanan yang mereka berikan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Teknologi ini sedang berkembang, dan tentu saja seperti teknologi pada dunia wireless lainnya, teknologi ini akan berkembang sangat cepat. Seperti GPRS roaming yang merupakan kebutuhan dasar untuk terwujudnya &lt;b&gt;global mobile internet&lt;/b&gt; bagi pelanggan GPRS pada berbagai operator GPRS network pada masa yang akan datang. Ini diterapkan pada GRX, yang merupakan suatu IP routing network tersentralisasi untuk interkoneksi antar GPRS network. Sistem GRX yang berdasarkan GPRS roaming telah berhasil dilakukan antara Sistem roaming Sonera dengan network dari Nokia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Tentu saja banyak perusahaan besar lainnya terus mengembangkan sistem ini, yang pada akhirnya mudah2an dapat menguntungkan konsumen.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 16);"&gt;Fitur-fitur/features penting di GPRS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) adalah sebuah jasa pelayanan tambah berupa &lt;b&gt;nonvoice&lt;/b&gt; yang memungkinkan informasi dapat dikirim dan diterima pada sebuah mobile telephone network. Sistem ini menambahkan fasilitas baru dari apa yang ada sekarang yaitu Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service. GPRS tidak ada hubungannya dengan GPS (the Global Positioning System). Beberapa features unik GPRS adalah sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 48, 156);"&gt;KECEPATAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Secara teoritis kecepatan maksimum sistem ini 171.2 kilobytes per second (kbps). Ini adalah adalah 3 kali lebih cepat dari transmisi data dari sistem network telekomunikasi fixed yang ada dan 10 kali lebih cepat dari Circuit Switched Data pada sistem network telekomunikasi wireless GSM saat ini.Dengan kecepatan pengiriman data, maka sistem ini tentu saja akan memberikan pelayanan yang lebih murah dibanding dengan SMS atau Circuit Switched Data. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 48, 156);"&gt;SELALU TERSEDIA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;GPRS adalah sebuah sistem yang terhubung terus, dimana informasi dapat segera dikirim atau diterima saat diperlukan. Tidak perlu adanya dial-up modem. Karena itu seperti telah diterangkan diatas sebelumnya, GPRS adalah sebuah sistem yang "always connected". &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 48, 156);"&gt;APLIKASI BARU YANG LEBIH BAIK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;GPRS memberikan fasilitas baru untuk beberapa aplikasi yang sebelumnya tidak ada pada network GSM, karena adanya keterbatasan pada kecepatan di Circuit Switched Data (9.6 kbps) dan panjang message/berita pada Short Message Service (160 characters). GPRS akan dapat secara penuh mengaplikasi internet seperti yang biasa kita dapatkan di desktop komputer, dari web browsing sampai dengan chat. Selain itu GPRS akan memberikan kemudahan transfer file, dan home automation yaitu dengan dapatnya kita mengontrol alat2 dirumah kita secara remote dari daerah diluar rumah kita sendiri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 48, 156);"&gt;MENGGUNAKAN GPRS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Untuk dapat menggunakan GPRS, diperlukan beberapa hal yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Hp atau terminal dengan sistem GPRS (banyak      telepon baru yang telah menyediakan sistem ini)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Mendaftar pada operator network dengan sistem      GPRS&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Penggunaan  GPRS harus telah diizinkan      oleh operator network bersangkutan.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Pengetahuan tentang bagaimana mengirim dan      menerima informasi GPRS dengan hp yang dimiliki.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Sebuah tujuan untuk mengirim atau menerima      informasi melalui GPRS. Kalau pada SMS biasanya tujuan ini adalah hp orang      lain, maka pada GPRS kemungkinan tujuan yang paling banyak adalah alamat      pada internet, karena GPRS didisain agar internet dapat digunakan oleh      pemegang hp.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-8656302083991566977?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/8656302083991566977/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=8656302083991566977&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8656302083991566977'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/8656302083991566977'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/gprs.html' title='GPRS'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-6673463437336225135</id><published>2008-05-08T11:41:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2008-05-08T11:44:57.868+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='GSM Specifications'/><title type='text'>GSM Specifications</title><content type='html'>&lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm;" valign="top"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"&gt;    &lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;    &lt;v:formulas&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;     &lt;v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"&gt;    &lt;/v:formulas&gt;    &lt;v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"&gt;    &lt;o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"&gt;   &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="a" style="'position:absolute;" allowoverlap="f"&gt;    &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ABS\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.gif" title="dot-blank"&gt;    &lt;w:wrap type="square"&gt;   &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="a" shapes="_x0000_s1026" align="left" height="1" width="1" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm;" valign="top"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"&gt;Global System for &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt;   Communication (GSM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(70, 29, 128);"&gt;GSM Specifications&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is important to understand the following basic terms: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;bandwidth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—the range of a channel's      limits; the broader the bandwidth, the faster data can be sent &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;bits per second (bps)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—a single on-off pulse of      data; eight bits are equivalent to one byte &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—the number of cycles per      unit of time; frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;kilo (k)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—kilo is the designation for      1,000; the abbreviation kbps represents 1,000 bits per second &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;megahertz (MHz)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—1,000,000 hertz (cycles per      second) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;milliseconds (ms)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—one-thousandth of a second &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;watt (W)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—a measure of power of a      transmitter &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems vary among the different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the specifications and characteristics for GSM. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;frequency band&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—The frequency range      specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;duplex distance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—The duplex distance is 80      MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink      frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;channel separation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—The separation between      adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;modulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—Modulation is the process of      sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency.      This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;transmission rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—GSM is a digital system with      an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;access method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—GSM utilizes the time      division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a technique in which      several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned      a particular time slot. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;speech coder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—GSM uses linear predictive      coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC      provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal      passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is      encoded at 13 kbps. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0cm;" valign="top"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span class="categoryhead1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Global System for &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt;   Communication (GSM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="article1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; GSM Subscriber Services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: telephony (also referred to as teleservices) and data (also referred to as bearer services). Telephony services are mainly voice services that provide subscribers with the complete capability (including necessary terminal equipment) to communicate with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary to transmit appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the network. In addition to normal telephony and emergency calling, the following subscriber services are supported by GSM: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;dual-tone multifrequency      (DTMF)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—DTMF      is a tone signaling scheme often used for various control purposes via the      telephone network, such as remote control of an answering machine. GSM      supports full-originating DTMF. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;facsimile group III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—GSM supports CCITT Group 3      facsimile. As standard fax machines are designed to be connected to a      telephone using analog signals, a special fax converter connected to the      exchange is used in the GSM system. This enables a GSM–connected fax to      communicate with any analog fax in the network. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;short message services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—A convenient facility of the      GSM network is the short message service. A message consisting of a      maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile      station. This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric      paging with a number of advantages. If the subscriber's mobile unit is      powered off or has left the coverage area, the message is stored and      offered back to the subscriber when the mobile is powered on or has      reentered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that the      message will be received. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;cell broadcast&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—A variation of the short      message service is the cell broadcast facility. A message of a maximum of      93 characters can be broadcast to all mobile subscribers in a certain      geographic area. Typical applications include traffic congestion warnings      and reports on accidents. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;voice mail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—This service is actually an      answering machine within the network, which is controlled by the      subscriber. Calls can be forwarded to the subscriber's voice-mail box and      the subscriber checks for messages via a personal security code. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;fax mail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—With this service, the      subscriber can receive fax messages at any fax machine. The messages are      stored in a service center from which they can be retrieved by the      subscriber via a personal security code to the desired fax number. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;h4 style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Supplementary Services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can complement and support both telephony and data services. Supplementary services are defined by GSM and are characterized as revenue-generating features. A partial listing of supplementary services follows.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;call forwarding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—This service gives the      subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to another number if the      called mobile unit is not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply,      or if call forwarding is allowed unconditionally. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;barring of outgoing calls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—This service makes it      possible for a mobile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;barring of incoming calls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—This function allows the      subscriber to prevent incoming calls. The following two conditions for      incoming call barring exist: baring of all incoming calls and barring of      incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;advice of charge (AoC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—The AoC service provides the      mobile subscriber with an estimate of the call charges. There are two      types of AoC information: one that provides the subscriber with an      estimate of the bill and one that can be used for immediate charging      purposes. AoC for data calls is provided on the basis of time      measurements. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;call hold&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—This service enables the      subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then subsequently reestablish      the call. The call hold service is only applicable to normal telephony. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;call waiting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—This service enables the      mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call during a conversation.      The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call      waiting is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a      circuit-switched connection. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;multiparty service&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—The multiparty service      enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multiparty conversation—that      is, a simultaneous conversation between three and six subscribers. This      service is only applicable to normal telephony. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;calling line identification      presentation/restriction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—These services supply the called party with the      integrated services digital network (ISDN) number of the calling party.      The restriction service enables the calling party to restrict the      presentation. The restriction overrides the presentation. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;closed user groups (CUGs)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;—CUGs are generally comparable      to a PBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only calling      themselves and certain numbers. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(70, 29, 128);"&gt;GSM Network Areas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;The GSM network is made up of geographic areas. As shown in , these areas include cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile network (PLMN) areas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="Figure 3" shapes="_x0000_i1026" height="294" width="385" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The GSM network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number assigned to each cell. The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the subscriber is paged. Each LA is served by one or more base station controllers, yet only by a single MSC. Each LA is assigned a location area identity (LAI) number.&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" alt="Figure 4" shapes="_x0000_i1027" height="161" width="504" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is covered by one MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of the MSC .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" alt="Figure 5" shapes="_x0000_i1025" height="162" width="504" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;The PLMN service area is an area served by one network operator .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-6673463437336225135?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/6673463437336225135/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=6673463437336225135&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6673463437336225135'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/6673463437336225135'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/gsm-specifications.html' title='GSM Specifications'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3753451958488849759</id><published>2008-05-08T11:40:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-05-08T11:40:53.863+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='GSM overview'/><title type='text'>GSM Overview</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/toast.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;GSM 06.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;A Brief Overview of GSM, by John Scourias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;  &lt;hr align="center" size="2" width="100%"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;A Brief Overview of GSM, &lt;i&gt;by &lt;a href="http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/%7Ejscouria"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 24pt;"&gt;John Scourias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, U of &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Waterloo&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:City&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;See also, John Scourias' &lt;a href="http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/%7Ejscouria/trio.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;extended abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; of this paper, and his recently finished &lt;a href="http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/%7Ejscouria/GSM/gsmreport.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;updated version&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; of this text. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#1#1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;History of GSM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#2#2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Services provided by GSM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#3#3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Architecture of the GSM network&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;3.1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#3-1#3-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Mobile Station&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#3-2#3-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Base Station Subsystem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#3-3#3-3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Network Subsystem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4#4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Radio link aspects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4-1#4-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Channel structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4-2#4-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Speech coding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4-3#4-3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Channel coding and modulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.4 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4-4#4-4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Multipath equalization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.5 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4-5#4-5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Frequency hopping&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.6 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4-6#4-6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Discontinuous transmission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.7 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4-7#4-7"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Discontinuous reception&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.8 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#4-8#4-8"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Power control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;5 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#5#5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Network aspects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;5.1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#5-1#5-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Handover&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#5-2#5-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Location updating and call&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#5-3#5-3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Authentication and security&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;6 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-intro.html#6#6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Conclusion and comments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;  &lt;hr align="center" size="2" width="100%"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;h1&gt;&lt;a name="1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;History of GSM &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;References: [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#chee"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Che91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#bals1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Bal91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#haug"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Hau88&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#mall"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Mal88&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#bals2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Bal93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#dech"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;DS93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#feld"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;FR93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Europe&lt;/st1:place&gt;, particularly in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Scandinavia&lt;/st1:place&gt; and the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, but also in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;France&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Germany&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else's in equipment and operation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This was an undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Europe&lt;/st1:place&gt; were increasingly unimportant, but there was a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale, and the subsequent savings, could not be realized. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) to study and develop a pan­European public land mobile system. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The proposed system had to meet certain criteria: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;good subjective speech quality, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;low terminal and service cost, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;support for international roaming, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ability to support handhald terminals, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;support for range of new services and facilities, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;spectral efficiency, and &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;ISDN compatibility. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Commercial service was started in mid­1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries, with 25 additional countries having already selected or considering GSM [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#dech"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;DS93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This is not only a European standard - &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;South   Africa&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Australia&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, and many Middle and &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Far East&lt;/st1:place&gt; countries have chosen GSM. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;By the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#nils"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Nil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The acronym GSM now (aptly) stands for Global System for &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt; telecommunications. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at the time) digital system, as opposed to the then­standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;United   States&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and TACS in the &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The 8000 pages of the GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough guidelines to guarantee the proper interworking between the components of the system. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This is done in part by providing descriptions of the interfaces and functions of each of the functional entities defined in the system. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h1&gt;&lt;a name="2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Services provided by GSM &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#harr1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Har93a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#harr2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Har93b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#dech"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;DS93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#feld"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;FR93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#lobe"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;LM92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#hube"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Hub92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;From the beginning, the planners of GSM wanted ISDN compatibility in services offered and control signalling used. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The radio link imposed some limitations, however, since the standard ISDN bit rate of 64 kbps could not be practically achieved. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Using the ITU­T definitions, telecommunication services can be divided into bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The digital nature of GSM allows data, both synchronous and asynchronous, to be transported as a bearer service to or from an ISDN terminal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Data can use either the transparent service, which has a fixed delay but no guarantee of data integrity, or a non­transparent service, which guarantees data integrity through an Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) mechanism, but with a variable delay. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The data rates supported by GSM are 300 bps, 600 bps, 1200 bps, 2400 bps, and 9600 bps [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#harr1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Har93a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;]. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The most basic teleservice supported by GSM is telephony. There is an emergency service, where the nearest emergency­service provider is notified by dialling three digits (similar to 911). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Group 3 fax, an analog method described in ITU­T recommendation T.30 [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#harr2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Har93b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;], is also supported by use of an appropriate fax adaptor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;A unique feature of GSM compared to older analog systems is the Short Message Service (SMS). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;SMS is a bidirectional service for sending short alphanumeric (up to 160 bytes) messages in a store­and­forward fashion. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;For point­to­point SMS, a message can be sent to another subscriber to the service, and an acknowledgement of receipt is provided to the sender. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;SMS can also be used in a cell­broadcast mode, for sending messages such as traffic updates or news updates. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Messages can be stored in the SIM card for later retrieval [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#bals2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Bal93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;]. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Supplementary services are provided on top of teleservices or bearer services, and include features such as caller identification, call forwarding, call waiting, multi­party conversations, and barring of outgoing (international) calls, among others. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"&gt;  &lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"&gt;  &lt;o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"&gt; &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:24pt;"&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1028" border="0" height="32" width="32" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h1&gt;&lt;a name="3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Architecture of the GSM network &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#dech"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;DS93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#feld"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;FR93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#bezl"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;B+93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#lobe"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;LM92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#hube"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Hub92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#rahn"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Rah93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#schm"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;SK93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and interfaces are defined. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-fig1-ascii.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Figure 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; shows the layout of a generic GSM network. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried by the subscriber, the Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center, performs the switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users, as well as management of mobile services, such as authentication. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Not shown is the Operations and Maintenance center, which oversees the proper operation and setup of the network. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Base Station Subsystem communicates with the &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt; service &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Switching&lt;/st1:PlaceName&gt;  &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;Center&lt;/st1:PlaceType&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; across the A interface. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="3-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;3.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Mobile Station&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The mobile station (MS) consists of the physical equipment, such as the radio transceiver, display and digital signal processors, and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to all subscribed services irrespective of both the location of the terminal and the use of a specific terminal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;By inserting the SIM card into another GSM cellular phone, the user is able to receive calls at that phone, make calls from that phone, or receive other subscribed services. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), identifying the subscriber, a secret key for authentication, and other user information. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby providing personal mobility. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="3-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;3.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Base Station Subsystem &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;These communicate across the specified A­bis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components made by different suppliers. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio tranceivers that define a cell and handles the radio­link protocols with the Mobile Station. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;In a large urban area, there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The requirements for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;It handles radio­channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described below. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt; service Switching Center (MSC). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The BSC also translates the 13 kbps voice channel used over the radio link to the standard 64 kbps channel used by the Public Switched Telephone Network or ISDN. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="3-3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;3.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Network Subsystem &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The central component of the Network Subsystem is the &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:City&gt; services Switching Center (MSC). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and in addition provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber, such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;These services are provided in conjuction with several functional entities, which together form the Network Subsystem. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The MSC provides the connection to the public fixed network (PSTN or ISDN), and signalling between functional entities uses the ITU­T Signalling System Number 7 (SS7), used in ISDN and widely used in current public networks. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), together with the MSC, provide the call­routing and (possibly international) roaming capabilities of GSM. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The HLR contains all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The current location of the mobile is in the form of a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) which is a regular ISDN number used to route a call to the MSC where the mobile is currently located. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be implemented as a distributed database. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Visitor Location Register contains selected administrative information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Although each functional entity can be implemented as an independent unit, most manufacturers of switching equipment implement one VLR together with one MSC, so that the geographical area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that controlled by the VLR, simplifying the signalling required. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Note that the MSC contains no information about particular mobile stations - this information is stored in the location registers. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or is not type approved. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Authentication&lt;/st1:PlaceName&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;Center&lt;/st1:PlaceType&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and ciphering of the radio channel. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Radio link aspects &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which manages the international allocation of radio spectrum (among other functions) allocated the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink (mobile station to base station) and 935-960 MHz for the downlink (base station to mobile station) for mobile networks in Europe. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Since this range was already being used in the early 1980s by the analog systems of the day, the CEPT had the foresight to reserve the top 10 MHz of each band for the GSM network that was still being developed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Eventually, GSM will be allocated the entire 2x25 MHz bandwidth. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The method chosen by GSM is a combination of Time­ and Frequency­Division Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the total 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200 kHz bandwidth. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;One or more carrier frequencies are then assigned to each base station. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme, into eight time slots. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;One time slot is used for transmission by the mobile and one for reception. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;They are separated in time so that the mobile unit does not receive and transmit at the same time, a fact that simplifies the electronics. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;In the rest of this section, the procedure involved in digitally transmitting a voice signal in a GSM network is examined, along with some of the features, such as discontinuous transmission and reception, used to improve voice quality, reduce the mobile unit's power consumption, and increase the overall capacity of the network. &lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:24pt;height:24pt'/"&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1031" border="0" height="32" width="32" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="4-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Channel structure &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The structure of the most common time­slot burst is shown in &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-fig2-ascii.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Figure 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;A total of 156.25 bits is transmitted in 0.577 milliseconds, giving a gross bit rate of 270.833 kbps. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;There are three other types of burst structure for frame and carrier synchronization and frequency correction. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The 26­bit training sequence is used for equalization, as described below. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The 8.25 bit guard time allows for some propagation time delay in the arrival of bursts. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Each group of eight time slots is called a TDMA frame, which is transmitted every 4.615 ms. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;TDMA frames are further grouped into multiframes to carry control signals. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;There are two types of multiframe, containing 26 or 51 TDMA frames. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The 26­frame multiframe contains 24 Traffic Channels (TCH) and two Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH) which supervise each call in progress. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The SACCH in frame 12 contains eight channels, one for each of the eight connections carried by the TCHs. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The SACCH in frame 25 is not currently used, but will carry eight additional SACCH channels when half­rate traffic is implemented. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;A Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) works by stealing slots from a traffic channel to transmit power control and handover­signalling messages. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The channel stealing is done by setting one of the control bits in the time slot burst. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;In addition to the Associated Control Channels, there are several other control channels which (except for the Stand­alone Dedicated Control Channel) are implemented in time slot 0 of specified TDMA frames in a 51­frame multiframe, implemented on a non­hopping carrier frequency in each cell. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The control channels include: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): Continually broadcasts, on the      downlink, information including base station identity, frequency      allocations, and frequency­hopping sequences. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Stand­alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH): Used for      registration, authentication, call setup, and location updating. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Implemented      on a time slot, together with its SACCH, selected by the system operator. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Common Control Channel (CCCH): Comprised of three control channels      used during call origination and call paging. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul type="circle"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Random Access Channel (RACH): A slotted Aloha       channel to request access to the network &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Paging Channel (PCH): Used to alert the mobile       station of incoming call. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Access Grant Channel (AGCH): Used to allocate an       SDCCH to a mobile for signalling, following a request on the RACH. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="4-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Speech coding &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;GSM is a digital system, so speech signals, inherently analog, have to be digitized. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The method employed by ISDN, and by current telephone systems for multiplexing voice lines over high speed trunks and optical fiber lines, is Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The output stream from PCM is 64 kbps, too high a rate to be feasible over a radio link. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The 64 kbps signal contains much redundancy, although it is simple to implement. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The GSM group studied several voice coding algorithms on the basis of subjective speech quality and complexity (which is related to cost, processing delay, and power consumption once implemented) before arriving at the choice of a Regular Pulse Excited - Linear Predictive Coder (RPE­LPC) with a Long Term Predictor loop. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Basically, information from previous samples, which does not change very quickly, is used to predict the current sample. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The coefficients of the linear combination of the previous samples, plus an encoded form of the residual, the difference between the predicted and actual sample, represent the signal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Speech is divided into 20 millisecond samples, each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13 kbps. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="4-3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Channel coding and modulation &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Due to natural or man­made electromagnetic interference, the encoded speech or data transmitted over the radio interface must be protected as much as is practical. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The GSM system uses convolutional encoding and block interleaving to achieve this protection. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The exact algorithms used differ for speech and for different data rates. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The method used for speech blocks will be described below. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Recall that the speech codec produces a 260 bit block for every 20 ms speech sample. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;From subjective testing, it was found that some bits of this block were more important for perceived speech quality than others. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The bits are thus divided into three classes: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Class Ia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;50 bits - most sensitive to bit errors&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Class Ib&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;132 bits - moderately sensitive to bit errors&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Class II&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;78 bits - least sensitive to bit errors &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Class&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:City&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;st1:state st="on"&gt;Ia&lt;/st1:State&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; bits have a 3 bit Cyclic Redundancy Code added for error detection. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;If an error is detected, the frame is judged too damaged to be comprehensible and it is discarded. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;It is replaced by a slightly attenuated version of the previous correctly received frame. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;These 53 bits, together with the 132 Class Ib bits and a 4 bit tail sequence (a total of 189 bits), are input into a 1/2 rate convolutional encoder of constraint length 4. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Each input bit is encoded as two output bits, based on a combination of the previous 4 input bits. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The convolutional encoder thus outputs 378 bits, to which are added the 78 remaining Class II bits, which are unprotected. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Thus every 20 ms speech sample is encoded as 456 bits, giving a bit rate of 22.8 kbps. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;To further protect against the burst errors common to the radio interface, each sample is diagonally interleaved. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The 456 bits output by the convolutional encoder are divided into 8 blocks of 57 bits, and these blocks are transmitted in eight consecutive time­slot bursts. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Since each time­slot burst can carry two 57 bit blocks, each burst carries traffic from two different speech samples. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Recall that each time­slot burst is transmitted at a gross bit rate of 270.833 kbps. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This digital signal is modulated onto the analog carrier frequency, which has a bandwidth of 200 kHz, using Gaussian­filtered Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;GMSK was selected over other modulation schemes as a compromise between spectral efficiency, complexity of the transmitter, and limited spurious emissions. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The complexity of the transmitter is related to power consumption, which should be minimized for the mobile station. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The spurious radio emissions, outside of the allotted bandwidth, must be strictly controlled so as to limit adjacent channel interference, and allow for the co­existence of GSM and the older analog systems (at least for the time being). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="4-4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Multipath equalization &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;At the 900 MHz range, radio waves bounce off everything - buildings, hills, cars, airplanes, etc. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Thus many reflected signals, each with a different phase, can reach an antenna. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Equalization is used to extract the desired signal from the unwanted reflections. Equalization works by finding out how a known transmitted signal is modified by multipath fading, and constructing an inverse filter to extract the rest of the desired signal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This known signal is the 26­bit training sequence transmitted in the middle of every time slot burst. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The actual implementation of the equalizer is not specified in the GSM specifications. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="4-5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Frequency hopping &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The mobile station already has to be frequency agile, meaning it can move between a transmit, receive, and monitor time slot within one TDMA frame, which may be on different frequencies. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;GSM makes use of this inherent frequency agility to implement slow frequency hopping, where the mobile and BTS transmit each TDMA frame on a different carrier frequency. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The frequency hopping algorithm is broadcast on the Broadcast Control Channel. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Since multipath fading is (mildly) dependent on carrier frequency, slow frequency hopping helps alleviate the problem. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;In addition, co­channel interference is in effect randomized. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="4-6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Discontinuous transmission &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Minimizing co­channel interference is a goal of any cellular system, since it allows better service for a given cell size, or the use of smaller cells, thus increasing the overall capacity of the system. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a method that takes advantage of the fact that a person speaks less that 40 percent of the time in normal conversation [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#sout"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;S+89&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;], by turning the transmitter off during silence periods. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;An added benefit of DTX is that power is conserved at the mobile unit. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The most important component of DTX is, of course, Voice Activity Detection. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;It must distinguish between voice and noise inputs, a task that is not as trivial as it appears, considering background noise. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;If a voice signal is misinterpreted as noise, the transmitter is turned off and a very annoying effect called clipping is heard at the receiving end. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;If, on the other hand, noise is misinterpreted as a voice signal too often, the efficiency of DTX is dramatically decreased. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Another factor to consider is that when the transmitter is turned off, there is a very silent silence heard at the receiving end, due to the digital nature of GSM. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;To assure the receiver that the connection is not dead, &lt;em&gt;comfort noise&lt;/em&gt; is created at the receiving end by trying to match the characteristics of the transmitting end's background noise. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="4-7"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Discontinuous reception &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Another method used to conserve power at the mobile station is discontinuous reception. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The paging channel, used by the base station to signal an incoming call, is structured so that the mobile station knows when it needs to check for a paging signal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;In the time between paging signals, the mobile can go into sleep mode, when almost no power is used. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="4-8"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;4.8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Power control &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;There are five classes of mobile stations defined, according to their peak transmitter power, rated at 20, 8, 5, 2, and 0.8 watts. To minimize co­channel interference and to conserve power, both the mobiles and the Base Transceiver Stations operate at the lowest power level that will maintain an acceptable signal quality. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Power levels can be stepped up or down in steps of 2 dB from the peak power for the class down to a minimum of 13 dBm (20 milliwatts). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The mobile station measures the signal strength or signal quality (based on the Bit Error Ratio), and passes the information to the Base Station Controller, which ultimately decides if and when the power level should be changed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Power control should be handled carefully, since there is the possibility of instability. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This arises from having mobiles in co­channel cells alternatingly increase their power in response to increased co­channel interference caused by the other mobile increasing its power. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This in unlikely to occur in practice but it is (or was as of 1991) under study. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h1&gt;&lt;a name="5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Network aspects &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#aude"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Aud88&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#rahn"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Rah93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#chee"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Che91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#bals1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Bal91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#bals2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Bal93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Ensuring the transmission of voice or data of a given quality over the radio link is only half the problem in a cellular mobile network. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The fact that the geographical area covered by the network is divided into cells necessitates the implementation of a handover mechanism. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Also, the fact that the mobile can roam nationally and internationally in GSM requires that registration, authentication, call routing and location updating functions exist in the GSM network. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:24pt;height:24pt'/"&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1029" border="0" height="32" width="32" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The signalling protocol in GSM is structured in three layers [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#rahn"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Rah93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#aude"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Aud88&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;], shown in &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-fig3-ascii.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Figure 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Layer 1 is the physical layer, which uses the channel structures discussed above. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Layer 2 is the data link layer. Across the Um interface, the data link layer uses a slight modification of the LAPD protocol used in ISDN, called LAPDm. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Across the A interface, the lower parts of Signalling System Number 7 are used. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Layer 3 is subdivided into 3 sublayers. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Radio Resources Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;controls the setup, maintenance, and termination of radio channels &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Mobility Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;manages the location updating, handovers, and registration procedures, discussed below &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Connection Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;handles general call control, similar to CCITT Recommendation Q.931, and provides supplementary services. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Signalling between the different entities in the network, such as between the HLR and VLR, is accomplished throught the Mobile Application Part (MAP). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Application parts are the top layer of Signalling System Number 7. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The specification of the MAP is complex. It is one of the longest documents in the GSM recommendations, said to be over 600 pages in length [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#chee"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Che91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;]. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Described below are the main functions of the Mobility Management sublayer. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="5-1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;5.1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Handover &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Handover, or handoff as it is called in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;North America&lt;/st1:place&gt;, is the switching of an on­going call to a different channel or cell. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;There are four different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve transferring a call between &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type="disc"&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;channels (time slots) in the same cell, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same      Base Station Controller (BSC), &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the      same &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:City&gt;      services Switching Center (MSC), and &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal" style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;cells under the control of different MSCs. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The first two types of handover, called internal handovers, involve only one Base Station Controller (BSC). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;To save signalling bandwidth, they are managed by the BSC without involving the &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Mobile&lt;/st1:place&gt; service Switching Center (MSC), except to notify it at the completion of the handover. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The last two types of handover, called external handovers, are handled by the MSCs involved. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Note that call control, such as provision of supplementary services and requests for further handoffs, is handled by the original MSC. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Handovers can be initiated by either the mobile or the MSC (as a means of traffic load balancing). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;During its idle time slots, the mobile scans the Broadcast Control Channel of up to 16 neighboring cells, and forms a list of the six best candidates for possible handover, based on the received signal strength. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This information is passed to the BSC and MSC, and is used by the handover algorithm. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The algorithm for when a handover decision should be taken is not specified in the GSM recommendations. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;There are two basic algorithms used, both closely tied in with power control. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This is because the BSC usually does not know whether the poor signal quality is due to multipath fading or to the mobile having moved to another cell. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This is especially true in small urban cells. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The 'minimum acceptable performance' algorithm [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#bals1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Bal91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] gives precedence to power control over handover, so that when the signal degrades beyond a certain point, the power level of the mobile is increased. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;If further power increases do not improve the signal, then a handover is considered. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This is the simpler and more common method, but it creates 'smeared' cell boundaries when a mobile transmitting at peak power goes some distance beyond its original cell boundaries into another cell. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The 'power budget' method [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#bals1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Bal91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] uses handover to try to maintain or improve a certain level of signal quality at the same or lower power level. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;It thus gives precedence to handover over power control. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;It avoids the 'smeared' cell boundary problem and reduces co­channel interference, but it is quite complicated. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="5-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;5.2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Location updating and call routing &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#moha"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;MJ94&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#rahn"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Rah93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#dech"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;DS93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The MSC provides the interface between the GSM mobile network and the public fixed network. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;From the fixed network's point of view, the MSC is just another switching node. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;However, switching is a little more complicated in a mobile network since the MSC has to know where the mobile is currently roaming - and in GSM it could even be roaming in another country. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The way GSM accomplishes location updating and call routing to the mobile is by using two location registers: the Home Location Register (HLR) and the Visitor Location Register (VLR). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Location updating is initiated by the mobile when, by monitoring the Broadcast Control Channel, it notices that the location­area broadcast is not the same as the one previously stored in the mobile's memory. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;An update request and the IMSI or previous TMSI is sent to the new VLR via the new MSC. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;A Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) is allocated and sent to the mobile's HLR (which always keeps the most current location) by the new VLR. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The MSRN is a regular telephone number that routes the call to the new VLR and is subsequently translated to the TMSI of the mobile. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The HLR sends back the necessary call­control parameters, and also sends a cancel message to the old VLR, so that the previous MSRN can be reallocated. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Finally, a new TMSI is allocated and sent to the mobile, to identify it in future paging or call initiation requests. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style="'width:24pt;height:24pt'/"&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ABS/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1030" border="0" height="32" width="32" /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With the above location­updating procedure, call routing to a roaming mobile is easily performed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The most general case is shown in &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-fig4-ascii.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Figure 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#aude"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Aud88&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;], where a call from a fixed network (Public Switched Telecommunications Network or Integrated Services Digital Network) is placed to a mobile subscriber. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Using the Mobile Subscriber's telephone number (MSISDN, the ISDN numbering plan specified in the ITU­T E.164 recommendation), the call is routed through the fixed land network to a gateway MSC for the GSM network (an MSC that interfaces with the fixed land network, thus requiring an echo canceller). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The gateway MSC uses the MSISDN to query the Home Location Register, which returns the current roaming number (MSRN). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The MSRN is used by the gateway MSC to route the call to the current MSC (which is usually coupled with the VLR). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The VLR then converts the roaming number to the mobile's TMSI, and a paging call is broadcast by the cells under the control of the current BSC to inform the mobile. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a name="5-3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;5.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Authentication and security &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#dech"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;DS93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#feld"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;FR93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#lobe"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;LM92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Since the radio medium can be accessed by anyone, authentication of users to prove that they are who they claim to be, is a very important element of a mobile network. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Authentication involves two functional entities, the SIM card in the mobile, and the Authentication Center (AC). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Each subscriber is given a secret key, one copy of which is stored in the SIM card and the other in the &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Authentication&lt;/st1:PlaceName&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;Center&lt;/st1:PlaceType&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;During authentication, the AC generates a random number that it sends to the mobile. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Both the mobile and the AC then use the random number, in conjuction with the subscriber's secret key and a ciphering algorithm called A3, to generate a number that is sent back to the AC. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;If the number sent by the mobile is the same as the one calculated by the AC, the subscriber is authenticated. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The above calculated number is also used, together with a TDMA frame number and another ciphering algorithm called A5, to encipher the data sent over the radio link, preventing others from listening in. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Enciphering is an option for the very paranoid, since the signal is already coded, interleaved, and transmitted in a TDMA manner, thus providing protection from all but the most persistent and dedicated eavesdroppers. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Another level of security is performed on the mobile equipment, as opposed to the mobile subscriber. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;As mentioned earlier, each GSM terminal is identified by a unique International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;A list of IMEIs in the network is stored in the Equipment Identity Register (EIR). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The status returned in response to an IMEI query to the EIR is one of the following: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;white­listed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The terminal is allowed to connect to the network &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;grey­listed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Under observation from the network, possible problems &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;black­listed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The terminal has either been reported as stolen, or it is not type approved (the correct type of terminal for a GSM network). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The terminal is not allowed to connect to the network. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h1&gt;&lt;a name="6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Conclusion and comments &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#mall"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Mal88&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;In this paper I have tried to give an overview of the GSM system. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;As with any overview, and especially one covering a standard 8000 pages long, there are many details missing. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;I believe, however, that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;It was a monumental task that the original GSM committee undertook, and one that has proven a success, showing that international cooperation on such projects between academia, industry, and government can succeed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;It is a standard that ensures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among suppliers, to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;For example, by using Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) microprocessor technology, many of functions of the mobile station can be built in one chipset, resulting in lighter, smaller, and more energy­efficient terminals. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Telecommunications are evolving towards personal communication networks, whose objective can be stated as the availability of all communication services anytime, anywhere, to anyone, by a single identity number and a pocketable communication terminal [&lt;a href="http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/%7Ejutta/gsm/js-bib.html#winc"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Win93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Having a multitude of incompatible systems throughout the world moves us farther away from, not closer to, this ideal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The economies of scale created by a unified system are enough to justify its implementation, not to mention the convenience to people of carrying just one communication terminal anywhere they go, regardless of national boundaries. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The GSM system, and its twin system operating at 1800 MHz, called DCS1800, are a first approach at a true personal communication system. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;The SIM card is a novel approach that implements personal mobility in addition to terminal mobility. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Together with international roaming, and support for many other services such as data transfer, fax, Short Message Service, and supplementary services, in addition to telephony, GSM comes close to fulfilling the requirements for a personal communication system: close enough that it is being used as a basis for the next generation of communication technology in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Europe&lt;/st1:place&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Another point where GSM has shown its commitment to openness, standards and interoperability is the compatibility with the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) that is evolving in most industrialized countries, and &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Europe&lt;/st1:place&gt; in particular (the so­called Euro­ISDN). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;GSM is the first system to make extensive use of the Intelligent Networking concept in ISDN, in which services like 800 numbers are concentrated and handled from a few centralized service centers, instead of being distributed over every switching center in the country. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;This is the concept behind the use of the various registers such as the HLR. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;In addition, the signalling between these functional entities uses Signalling System Number 7, an international standard already used in many countries and specified for ISDN. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;GSM is a very complex standard, but that is probably the price that must be paid to achieve the level of integrated service and quality offered while subject to the fairly severe restrictions imposed by the radio environment. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;  &lt;hr align="center" size="2" width="100%"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Copyright 1994 by &lt;a href="http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/%7Ejscouria"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;John Scourias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:jscourias@barrow.uwaterloo.ca"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;jscourias@barrow.uwaterloo.ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2570044579595857867-3753451958488849759?l=telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/feeds/3753451958488849759/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2570044579595857867&amp;postID=3753451958488849759&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3753451958488849759'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2570044579595857867/posts/default/3753451958488849759'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://telecommunicationforall.blogspot.com/2008/05/gsm-overview.html' title='GSM Overview'/><author><name>Panji RW</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16400077501172995622</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='24' src='http://bp2.blogger.com/_zLGPx0LdTxc/SBBzvcg7GOI/AAAAAAAAAAM/jOmOKVdVl7M/S220/Nikko+hotel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2570044579595857867.post-3147594677722232576</id><published>2008-05-08T11:32:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-03-13T01:04:15.475+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='3G Frequency'/><title type='text'>3G Frequencies</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(168, 84, 0);"&gt;3G Frequencies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 48, 80);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;ccording to "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;u&gt;WARC-92&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; frequencies for IMT-2000" resolution: "The bands 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz are intended for use, on a worldwide basis, by administrations wishing to implement International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). Such use does not preclude the use of these bands by other services to which they are allocated."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;ere is the summary of UMTS frequencies:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;1920-1980&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;2110-2170&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An Operator needs 3 - 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;1900-1920&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;2010-2025&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in frequency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;1980-2010&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;2170-2200&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; MHz Satellite uplink and downlink.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Carrier frequencies are designated by a UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN). The general formula relating frequency to UARFN is:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;UARFCN = 5 * (frequency in MHz)&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;u&gt;WRC-2000&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt; in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Istanbul&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; &lt;o:p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 48, 80);font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 48, 80);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Identified the bands 1710 - 1885 and 2500 - 2690 MHz for IMT-2000 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 48, 80);font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 48, 80);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Identified those parts of the band 806 - 960 MHz which are allocated to the mobile service on a primary basis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 48, 80);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Admitted that High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) may use the WARC-92 frequency bands for terrestrial IMT-2000 on restrictive conditions &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 48, 80);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Decided that the frequency bands 1525 - 1544, 1545 - 1559, 1610 - 1626.5, 1626.5 - 1645.5, 1646.5 - 1660.5 and 2483.5 - 2500 MHz may be used for the satellite component of IMT-2000, as well as the bands 2500 - 2520 MHz and 2670- 2690 MHz, depending on market developments &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;"  &gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 48, 80);font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;Decided that "the bands, or portions of the bands, 1710 - 1885 MHz and 2500 - 2690 MHz, are identified for use by administrations wishing to implement International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). This identification does not preclude the use of these bands by any application of the services to which they are allocated and does not establish priority in the Radio Regulations".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;From the TS 25.101 Specification:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 431px; height: 644px;" border="1" cellpadding="0"&gt;  &lt;thead&gt;   &lt;tr style=""&gt;    &lt;td colspan="5" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;3GPP TS 25.101    Band/UARFCN Support in the Test Set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr style=""&gt;    &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Band&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;DL to UL    Frequency Separation (MHz)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;3GPP TS 25.101&lt;br /&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Downlink&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;UARFCN&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;Range&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;3GPP TS 25.101&lt;br /&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Uplink&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;UARFCN&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;Range&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Supported in    the Test Set?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;/thead&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;I&lt;br /&gt;(IMT-2000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;190&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="para"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;a name="pgfId=1212209"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;10562 - 10838&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="para"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;a name="pgfId=1212216"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;9612 - 9888&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Yes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;II&lt;br /&gt;(&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;U.S.&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;   PCS)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;9662 - 9938&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;9262 - 9538&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Yes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;412, 437, 462, 487, 512, 537, 562, 587, 612, 637, 662, 687&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;12, 37, 62, 87, 112, 137, 162, 187, 212, 237, 262, 287&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Yes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;III&lt;br /&gt;(DCS/PCS)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;95&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;1162 - 1513&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;937 - 1288&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Yes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;IV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;400&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;1537 - 1738&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;1312 - 1513&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="para"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;a name="pgfId=1212291"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Yes&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;1887, 1912, 1937, 1962, 1987, 2012, 2037, 2062, 2087&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;1662, 1687, 1712, 1737, 1762, 1787, 1812, 1837, 1862&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;V&lt;br /&gt;(US Cellular)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt;"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&g
